ࡱ>  9;2345:~|`!_*VakC̷X1d0n-xuE?Rt7tK7" %҂H# )! "(3['9N7 _kwf'v=HDR%A2O^*ٗ*2qlDQckSbkSjW/!J~T+IGE[mҿ{_@ri/{лisOug=%Ҹ]).w:'|I'{;R6ubT :_RFgIgT9ݚNtH祯t%݇(.q6PsNQ'* s1'ΓRN o%= NLHzb%Y܊2""[IFGFB4E}'r\>+WlE߬2pRSNH뜛4:۩;)Ӓ.I?TX5qP;t]E,{b^،؆؃8shsUث:L*>2ə< 7f]7Lݣۮ$rT.B~5pOܻDt˹L39J+4YKÝ͙@MATHŝzS28)B}W-I#ZUė8Ou=dد=zإ$`EXVbX9VdEYYVfYy&L.2*ɗgqϣl׻EE+TʻH3T;I T2zgs ׽BWius/ y*➢t1r}tL֙I4M=̩B5TICO;|':DRgDatob^ZG9H[nxtE't:q^gKd3ΙgX VaX)VcYIVeYiVg&`B&a$&b8SbRUgzSgo=VPo! foޠLz[JBw]6h{J)38CRjNNjsKTp:E~g O:E6d/|uvFQqgYTY=l9ۣ (s4J|PcRABQVfYqV `& aR& b(& cҘ8& dH& O9/l|%8oyCiן{h׎yMi"-r,MP_5^18)9;h.b06er_N;:@k4B;T4qV$Q):/*NAQI&87gQkdv4 p`egd5r&F;ӢjΜR+ (+ Ҭ8+0 L0)L 1ILń1iL2L$ɄrA %: ^1Zu^6=Ndٻ'xJ|P륆"9hWy婩Wz/Qa eyp?xι;ֺllG TB6`1ŝS;E蘓v:X"f:ߊbI v~ΛOtsZ.N5D!g={Q_(79 Ec5gn.Z8Nh(4V:-Nh!t9=J<$0L¤01L$1QLƤ1qL$2L&ʤ2L.$3L6k[%݄Jm".myi bbc&zj ųHl6#"yF^=@qzҫ@ɼt}. mBܗ t_ǵ[ %)['w'-xĹ,>vN5y_skb󲘄OtJ` eE8%h9}P34t~uZF:uJQ2rwD1ZS#Ԋ:uжn&`B&a$&b˜4&cD&dBT&ed&f™t&gf v;aQ,v;c#GVz7~Kl^(EZ XA m1[*z[Shuvn &~ \GTt"U=/Һ /|os^vƉ@Qr"NVqI.us=|qD5( N cy3vnh1Hۈ8趎θnh$sFћnh[5A"d2L*2L2d3L: v;Ža簃I(v;ƎcىHv&;ʎe粃hv6;ΎgIG$RTuE{h梹]4罉7O> ^w?ݯoP{Y|^b{Cv<ʃPǛ]M3Q+ DzwHN]xx*NM7dlsq(k½w?rq-׆UQMwQĝuv'GxwL4}=Z㎊vc9ʗPvEQvoUJz*Ũ܋GXw_AyCޛQao.گ{;N9 q ĝFS"/(zQiwA]| ׸l 5wE w݆"[ی(kɨ;nGb#>Ӏ\OQQ/J{OcnV)(&#"H?juq͝,Ns~wah7rn[Q}^T9Tq NνuG/g8O؞F5D)d7{be֤0jU/nZ\t1w9  h;_GE ԧ?18Bíh;GPqfQX爓n9qukb7f8b9 Q8>&[7rA9/sxˀ/ 8i0^:g<90_^Lbe4Z=JZ[/O[EA=R;VhWUsfGO;TעS]W0K%OuQ:_UrlJlT͹FC='<?;vJSvSTgkPw6`o6F_xC]^r] 8on=rWW[-{עѨ>zƛFE^IWqxJnp.Mg#6{cg;wQ;9j>MU35uRèMUk*ܪ$eT9)WjIMT^aM38҉3Yj QKZF {>]GA8(C$(^JʮQ^#w錚Mz_8!'uĪ*\1NwRE[%G|؎؃8aD2*URf?lzsAuj'P[=QWTO M*ߢ,8 tY8ޠOڦ*՟NRhjNԋNUjռSU ;ŰxJ]O/DfOdTDzH< xB~GZF6!K#[TP s9yV`EXVbX9VdEydM35Hh~V4W7k܈F[w'@9q| tMS83mPmhz g_٬@}Tj6^RiSTFKYuLRwm-u%Yu6qToBY} b0&c@&d2P&er`&fp&gv;NaǰsA$v;NcDZ؁Dv$;NeDzsIw{JT[xI VC]\+ބ}. 63LBX ƪCb+mW렾03PꬊA zTRcQ_-0~FS]3Gwb)b.ޤ&bN)o{D ,/GY(> I`" &Iab&Ib,&Ic"o~D&dBT&e7$֟+A6Τ3L>;`gC)v;Ďbgi8v.i< .E,ufV9AC  6=dzIٸz#uC,SbZ̏Ƕ' Q_( OqAG>`!환}V31I/c?*z8:& @d}?Tb?cb%oKTEkxq˃/-8i1^&<50_ 7133(5`^'Z/sAS5R^_pP;:W8-jPǫsh_S'/+qU0OH> v}Lo^QU*Jɠ [H7է+NrwԷhW+_Y/qb&ƯyZawpbgfQXMCD=WE^)*&(ޏ1dqQ\3%^P3y<^RPۢ]So~/]"kqb y%F=`FT@SEYT&EY^ԯ<p| Bz3=_QO|~X7)xs7֮7Q)D TE~wdÕ7$RD[_@`&WЕh.DVzHGxGw3G{!dm$6.gft O3MQU}#*' xRp. 1~w _׽K} tČ09ټ*^yY7MdnSK0 A:y"igp_҂`M `, [ḥ58B|H 3e1SZƘ1k֚AJK 8K<8ތ?!n ~EDu9%#dp}OH+솾m&PN4eGSHV2e6 .:,u4 ._9E' qSn#bq Pi J ;Hz7%f#ӂbrHEtA`LCbpZ WC %XVbX1Vd%YQVfYqV /%g곰:|N^ +a>KC O"oi00̉L瑯MiY.+&폚z,a*lN zl]ž Et1(K_Ou-8.6`0m3QPFlMSbmXTĜKd3ΙgX VaX)VcYIVeYiVg&`B&a$&b8SL?GC9)_{z&~OPA?MW:jZ4>[HN(d%}A_\0Y 5fBatԦ AZ+72x:xW| VlP^|dW\nW[ѷBAR+30+͊LD0L09LD1YL1yL D2L(~J<ؗ@]T-jW T?5Ofq2>*gP JJ?D ;^` jNm2iYJCd` 4(GL20yKD L:-mRVӜ5F0p_Enp6+ʱ$+ʲ¬4+3Ld0!L 0ALd1aL1L"d2)`_qPxwoGMk.uW+^+Sx#(2">p./•#\Op wNz(gCn߱b07̌?6/SYBMLcREٺ+1E^e6fj!`a<(`2gM5D͹jm6G={P3=ofE];Q[3?jbGuͲ *g&fYy&I`" &Iab&Ib,&Ic<&Id"L&Ieb\&Ifl&?%K VwiDnφH}i).dzJT+NjPx%OmȄ=F*GѾp<'ӬpgSp. Y3 'P̼A:aӁV{ z˔LneR#hf+QrQL lۡ\E=M45ID;s7a.EX+eD͂h}fFG3&ZcEKhM1vJ&`B&a$&b˜4&cD&dBT&ed&f™t&g^v ;b'Y0v;d}Gʃ} J=㟉=k|3_)^/3E"T4o'El\d!+xX~ зKt(lK]i^؛Sp5B Sa/Jv&~bW3eh)@KL&algsT2EWd#:^i"zyZ 1&?Gjs$aE{0kfDI Q(s8:z2|=QqqqqE|1ILń1iL2L$Ʉ2;9A0D3L83v;ac9 v;cy@v";ecٹ`~<ؗ@LBp(Gԍw5MDxmܿˋgEExQ4^J<RFb( 7BOD"(J]$uȄ)v.y˰(ư2- kc/R>DQ֢a,5ςF4hbsU,2߈战n>b)2o xۼ(rb) LbI*>4nT1S\=Q:\ ? ߋ&¨+bh(z;\ Dsጨy8%z>Gñ H& eRX& fh& gҙx&N`G3!v ;NbGa4v;NdG3١Tv,;NfGtv<;Hz/2D"e|H%Džϋ[ q9TT8az Fs4.G!,o (B}OvIQ⌹!9.v]#+֙ސr#WhӠ6y(KyT(<UEQp4q(A8S? ' ֕+uVzaݝgb\ÛQxe_Ap5)8^_ļ#C5ZT(Ao.永`֋SPKirEhE8ǫHl硼GԘ'/櫈y[$濟%Уc`D7u0\L ω%!Am)>='A,ڼ-b8mڣ\eqeCta/͆ `.m~}/լB NJe Y$f1"&1(A}aσvO}f˄n(D}=veѾA+qbjky%_FKGa5c 7*(Sū,+0ƻ%Q~qUFW+}Qq 5G&a m`1_771}{/~w#xfZO(7Nt(H.6ł#)`s~I}^ ^+4)C !1n_f4d)H67pO.5%~)_D҇d߼dža#y($ 'B1g=c+5ϡWkE_p.sȶ)agExrwq:h,iQ9<%;A׷?uk;៦"gMzo9o:ҷ`M$[@IO5qz?@G_qU_E(؃ڟ/"G/74ZGζ2'Su^}4}=I?<ȷ?y%?EV<8F)[;(8D`1ڇ R7SmߥTdg,=&$kCkX%VN{i /'1G։/{'6; v{N؞Yp9Ӝq<+J" +Jb+JgP1>j,ZBz1Ki<,z.XD:XGD7-􍿕>A|3@?g? EO)ߑ)Uѯ^~tRA*EGAq'J7.A/i`qV4`.@jfs*HUG'(zP禰o!v _+ DJH"5EMe?h<¢_LK(͊LD0L09LD1YL1yL D2L(2L0D3L83v;ac9 v;cη? %")B"qn!1x=J ;1,Ed55IuB7պ<(cЋl?"+TNd*ß'D!(mE-!!Do(>/&|?Xg+#C,BAL3Q~1*EwILń1iL2L$Ʉ2L,3L4̈́3L<`'#v ;b'Y0v;d'#ٙPv*;f}޷?=[pC ljkEy(%ɠ-3Zl@Xak sQYߦ [%~x~l!@)~)(8L6YP |B4aIwUb~&phC V^;ch /ݩJZ$f +(&b'\ {.$0L¤01L$1QLƤ1q]D&dBT&e;')A6Τ3L>;`gC)v;Ďbgi8v}(( 3uJA*L`8udАk`l5:ۚ;m-ݲ> { Tzmbt]@ `ОWl|#B|vٟ#N!Ϊw !.;icl?[v!ڎFMǨvk.T)[2gc'vZȚwYcnVXD^K $<ꛡM'G+6d%g^iQz=Ic3em{go#Ez=Fiwű uq5ʾ^Wͪ=_C_{ZvUƮ U&;mRw?bbǭc[CDk]kY5?VŚ{ښN䛱o>&9,WbdU;vW)Y VaX)VcYIVeYiVgx'z}\OEѾ[۷KunهuS{nLwMC._3vZU#c*ړU1{eRi*nV?[R{Xlu%6&6:keUŞ6ƒXkc?ձrUClguWX3&^!yrVl.''2̳+ʰB+ʱ$+ʲ¬4+3Ld0!L 0ALd1agrۏ9%ǝBvf);뤵 9Ig{V''󺀽[뺢AWJvn]&]ʾGU{zžڃcV?YPcY-qa݊ճ. p6 <;#Ƕy&\~+#o2b9XQ)%*ɽZr[~B)VKeeYaVg&`2&ar &b0&c@&d2P3]qmsժ|gvNYucVgfqNZٝHa ΄+SV&"/-d*֨5@ZMV55*FYUG+ &XRn-vTމޒN-efLT(2+MiT@IUDƒH7R{<+ʱ$+ʲ¬4+3Ld0!L 0ALd1aL1L"d2gjov[mV{-eghuvzX͝Vg YdwYtX鯬yڬoZ-}ꯕJk:ϠXu:֫ÚYC"꩞VU*#[E*"+UfTj?b5gLj̮ܪ1(J/@&6uRi:A=^fS =W?R uXiVg&`B&a$&b˜4&cD&dBT&ed&f9V @49U%EO#B[<8Y~1Q qzZaV&gęg)AoNvL& Nm Vf}"}UΩjY-i}5Z^QΪ.2Xjr[UJҲ$˪ڄ|*Zlʎ* F(&kPgMZrU4uƫ#4Ǚ&`B&a$&b˜4&cD&dBT&ed&f™t&g v;aQ,v;cVsOwn˶Ol|.8d#;YϹ+k9ɬΓVqϩ [In[W8k=ڣߵVe YD ʦWZ^j\TScj]jT]y5IUF"@$-#m^Ft(>TPdU_SexO΂z˔]:Yu~Q')Jwc[{jyj'Eq-481ILń1iL2L$Ʉ2{4A0D3L83v;ac9 v;cy@v";ecٹ`|$4pղPVr2X3DtzN 3+eqg" ev'R8q+K=V3sʧ%Hd"L&Ieb\&Ifl&Ig|v;`S1v;bq(A2"/8cQ8Y|oa޷?jC,}me+icx.Q~p<;=/-Q8> }?=0NO0D7.OyV31Bo0}Xd}-;lm]k G2h_ J)_nOG?Lx1,?,|1۟Gy%_:N tXTݤtX!'VKuc 98-~I}'6[o}e͎aĊڿ:۩0b7TWZ]%KIw%߼G"=ޣt_S;N:Yow&U8-~l|&wV-atZRBZ{p7[o[TO)ƹ׷?۟5=4GvwSnjks&QVVsobViĮm2-M)cnjڳMC?oxͦӴ?1c}t/ ~2_1AYŽa;k Ԉii7M԰glGv7InW7gN`u[iB+k٦e>#PԼo0Tf|fe4gRf^sa bԮ6acXVe_nV5bam;B+j0ݦl UYFU˜*";%"fVzL4c}̦CV6d$TzJf^vr9Ӝq<+J" +Jb+JgjXX~#,lO9a{A~/Li(džYW§vaAnX.iqSܾepƇM#^f'E65ܶ:Ko@+EV)v1_uqdMsQV6WdYsK>gE/ H1ɬ&m"Ӝq<+J" +Jb+J,+J<$0L¤01L$1QL{8p׆C(l O;ı952_˺lBiVg&`B&a$&b˜4&cD&dBT&ed&f9Vhx:N[ Jp p[uPt>lAUZڄ®&.]$|~LmPZ[JsZ`.A3֛5Ev6Y=qdXx(:jfJAffInlnn~2T;%0ʷn9lJ,RY&rY%'MA2J<$0L¤01L$1QLƤ1qL$2L&ʤ2L.$3L6Τ3L>;`gC)v;ĎbgX+}*|1111@tm/æu2|d> {,Fo[&V's50޴waz.tܡgECv wܱ9dsd 2 tF 3gFXL/du- bY}ÁF99D7.(~| 5KM3_fԈ 33f-DZMr2'daeˢ$@h_*'?oO_~9~X7ؙxs7^4x[-g~ޑ W'SVjSJnX6P Hzڜr[Vaʙ4&{ (SǞi۫L+{io6f Vv*c +دEixk]׆qk[x:xG\w9G~{gځ)Mm yzx\LVa9ЋRTQ&(J "M"(E@P)JSHR*ED"RDI&gfk}{=y~L23d +\[7B$⿽?V?N7nr-4p;(>6qw˄E,u)<$҂"[x@ /nð. [/3A]{,+|j[Vr᝚ ֈv2;7bDjA}VCj{Vmsת-j=]>9DB8vqgaYc˭^]\~Hψ͠3xQEj ""ڡ; `"f(X&:7K-qF_9c V4-MssD7'&;OMC>t{ݖzý_E~=6v5awNx>8{xF kEp#JaKqwXMy¬"wxBlp 9*d^pGTP!*EŨTRa*Mũ< 3f3t2 w_EAQWwd}7jv:D Qd 5ݬsUOHs˫fn~UM +0.4b^xYLMW8_tljkaB U»ţq*g 8±NհH)wJcb$pS0.O43S*AE RTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH c2f3=!jN껟FO݅Q9wy6*~sgGݷn稺[7疌YfeA5w6SGUi*0X žX,W V8\;naWBE /;-VbM>t ;}òNQsXy!| m9MNS3|)])*FVCE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& e2f3-wO}Mq C~ǣTW| ")GݞEQ\T\q'\/>Ŏ[@q.%KC (md51*,,Ӝ!/p3,sƆ/8!"ΚЦ.]||L;»bаdRTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& e2f3k8mbWZ EhY%VEŜGAtR ~/G7D("-JD½=F*{^ewVB^:!E^]8jHIh8BSbyXV|bNxřFlq_:($|5s6O8RAu:tk_Dx>RGJFa"ugnTSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&R7AϨ'q3x 4>)ējUPF  b^4[LF=)ZQQ:E C]b:/_N;"A(ljþz|Zb0zη7xwp}S9v~SjX X&ɯt@j-u0p}hj!u<6u25ΓA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(I%$dMI8I'$ :Nc:N,:N<:f*}#* (:o9tt9tFY@B;(6EĊ h!&GěxZ4C}&EDh+,F}U}+!6m ILTkPTjƊQL*DfU[_Mr5I@8NaU) 8TR;kP|( "&R"VS@ @F@x "ηAD@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.L}3fI8uE[w7t=gM4YwVEcu-B&gS#>qփQX{>1Mj}3xQ􉺉y4RԎƊ`X4U}*{5KlP/A45IƉ-4HV=ECQTWEEUGRDQUY.?fPl b]-srO@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.L't6Nt>?Lv9ӢcGegb;n18zH*U7V娋( m9(| o [@LBU1\ zgK.,Snx,b{)9X!yN%5 ώSXutZwzC᪼*|qBVus@qΩNS*ǩpGVQUwzE͝QG筨77ü8?y JKesERh_=̌:f]N_DoջFi < ϩVbU#zBJ*xQi(wi9R N5yCup>T8UMg1Vr,wE53NP&>@ ϸ?lA4N9u?jc('GJ c >7Rb#ƩT1R V`f:8g|@t6}ptEC87H? y`t)ENH91*'ƐKq7_J\u֙9` 3z~B}|Vj0ܹA9;}~fEw}zVMfDh#0脓T::.:%s (G8SpA>߃8d .?l_b:xOo7Eo[tK"~mtnG~ +rSnqʝN'i'9);dgs8qn,JWSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&R`D|+R7n:vB}#{P{%LһbC], @Px38!N/sXw~rMw67UrtTʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& %$`LI6 '$tAg!t CAtEga/cPወ-M AA5ģ aIPRLw2"-Q<(=L&)xBkbAF6:8-ߋV^QQC]^sƗk\dn*28t ;X(ۋ1[VGx@r qgJ~ 9{\(?Mwn@q-;9םAOl ~DQDAmA7'+"%D\DH #i$@H"I& %$`LI6 '$tAg!t CAtEgatGсt"Igҡt*K7\ Aeq&xN ^[Kރڽf,cX=osbQ9IdtsZ.t|(u[0ʼ4 8p|gK9ls'ˁr? L ΅s2lt 8_sүs t/}A/&%$D BRH !A$D,FHI'DLJRI,%$DlNI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:3nϭqđQ=xYO`膌4p,r ʡ3b|/c眓rsR/N` G+u`cp99? ى6xߗb8q ]0QT±(9PɞG[qc8.SP≸Ɂ~JgW{nٌEǓt:e} OZi ]P~ p~ڍBwqVMD^zPorovxuq㨯eA/J(gCyoԅ9plrgԿu۽?l:"EE2x}pOyP΁,8 }\'9/EYd:SXʕ+r弁j/uGKF6GU\'#.u/y{mo-ﭴ&7DW]]j&ٙ,vRy7qLI\1]H執l{韰Ol^ nӼE7>퍰z]l6(i&2ٍטfLUF 3,QQ M4A0C##:#!~4L6VbcCﲋmv~㯶%vNaZQˠ.*o=ͱiv>z^k[ëgb6Dd.&.f_bٞc%5Vf2i>q"g$~% kz|"cͨD>f(2TJQ1*G$TJSq*O8Lg?O?:-]yV G'طЦ?'ڇm. گv޾5y5lke"*I|֕e탲)~k{hW]G~e[=c~7[b#knyugcvX5L-)3&70 p5Q Ms&qAة/$ЗDLZf/TA*Y0Mc4m6׆~9ײdjh x?nOyvݎ;cvRSd^+{d  W:7U{Vݩ+ysq]{P;J:WMgj+EŨTRa*Mũ< $dBbH "I$d0FH $$dP/c0/{r'23H3tC.2&(5e/+33+?,k{Ŧ7ô1בMU0弻CkJy7t)~F P1M(Czu;WXr1^6iTsu'/~˩z^t8'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLJRI,%$Dlg*5DNFo1709 1 2EDD+D3wLja˅`M6yHWsֿd7:?0sO/)+SOT5'cfYm1yoy{ /޳i7M\ ;x{jT藼uE=k߆b\ˤwxaQJ>j7޵ލeʹϼD'6 I $CH"Y$8GI"$$XKI2&$xO qB1tD'QtFqtH}3f"kߏ%P>yMfAOiU/즓,7dcSOv4Ue?),sE9g6Q3?i 7/o[iy&#{^;*¦wMV(M֣7kz뼇n>W:Oiei%+i"/C/eA bRZ qqɻvqq $EHI#q$DI2I(I@`LI6 '$tAg!t CAtEgatGсt"Igҡt*K7cw^tsU7t]!?֏ 9WB]Gt=>G6.6eǟ0ϡlrIu9l~-"_afkLYg+zTWbbsIg7=^OkoxMb&0X|6Ӽ4=Ż8z:}yo^_{Iyo^U}χ4хMYC~vIS렯={i iU$HIBI*%$$hMI:'t@GtB9tDGYtFyt HGҙt(Jҹt0LGt8N|Ps<ɿ=R)+!7 o~w?G53L'G?4D2K|Aˊ\:W*cf'F/7b(ǼSzC~C]ЯKuen/u/!=(G߁v?o~KkB98}r\n¼Ԝ?Y v_ _]BQO3Zgt_\˛C~] ]x' ^ys+h~ҧ1߼o%<oEWu%~o16q-?KmzV 1_~6ۿlKE~e3ݯmF 1MkBhK^gwbG?F?忡[0~zQ^81\w_dfb]hzc_ K` %M\UqڕF\_?K;z]_뢏f,1LpTEh⺯EFޟ[a6z٪[u)` H1mP盢]coFq~/moVcؤ8 P?C h? Mw{n~q RzQZ|;|+ҙJ>7%> !=>a[uf|┙fa^)QLWCl&C{>m]}vw.ΥRH1K$VA0/i{Xvf\52/CX%U~_gmxkl_Yͬ{QZ}|K.5sޟs8kqa܎Glmuce9m}=`GŵY(~n_>cNx~gg%Vd[#m`|eDd{[0fNA^cqWKvv\ٹӾ Sl8a";0ݘz$4ccSS;~ԉkzq|jju&Rkdy$a*3 383O2TJQ1*G$3f3yi$Y׮N>i7$mɊvWݛ|HރvY;3Y͎MֶKFi(QܟtE6ﰟƙv| אWLGB<}<wCڨ+sw#YMXnq d(;5-;3q1(~0=83O2TJQ1*G$TJSq*OH $CH"Y$˘?dA{"y=f&{2i.'=s-y`.&4$cs0\d~ùL6W0=@\w8| ͌0ƿOfT Ao y􌇛qo=hSPy=.i@qNflqBOz^_)Ms+z@Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& %$`LI6 g3fJ$O?yF%w($+LZKԯ37;Asm%/6+dn(zJœ>|mOVF⅒l6q6{0NlxE||Ev7S ^fƳD3ҌáY32lV0c{P?8VP^cu6}2^k3ޢx^ ҕTA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(I%$dMI8I'$:S:(:~JgوOScA[ @IW&;K(sDHڙ > _K%b tGq?=9yU/H<f 19ЬNh 7ϴK28@Ax5k1CahM]&yc<3Oa0f% oNrwfXrh7:p8ރr.<X^GxbǍP8_rucHq0ԏOB?%_e(s+#kxFr铜c^%|S'' Kvf$Ϡ\qA. Ƀ}%OEW>f31"Of@ry ^NN4/Ilr񱩌cYG8r}v\ gO6G>|%+p]q\?S++>mf=y~[poɷMcxNP.q8݋"s(7E} j}U\W?T5pO>f*iaN58>#$[ Mpikp]3fHgg=bg`7cZ;5O[+f̣qW0Vt*>yi¶ .q)/lGԸ]w縯&W[b['9ȶM}dG;=.Jַjݓ,e$ سIabU%O`ke#u]MV3g85[zQ򼞎o3?>-7rX1Ɉ?C)Tgս))w\)6LI&O91Wf 6-m޴; cn4vF2[:ZasFuW J5~؁]V 5UWjԀ%0=fGx¬ %x6"3ºfZXL3zn^.kqzi8IN׳9zZ@O q:v5])*FVzT Si*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$2Nq{=nesǍm)[ jEVdG}0aO4>G7X{@eW!C .noWmuUWl.F s)ٜ2p>o6a!% 1C^A/C _Ž>ЇpכQJQ1*G$TJSq*OH $CH"Y$8GI"$$˘?=["nKũ84e\|O&_sY/*lFڟ즨2jd?ZQmuբ+67lS vd_QږrG6%5SH49w&U1*cnMz9g~_4gzL0N||x]_ro2:uQ^SMtu~T=ROb.3:jM:]i*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$TKrI0I&$3J=B7=oMx b=bb Kg9鈏ULx)5ypO?bG9jGΈ3UfT>նyACR=i/QA$u'9meM[u<Θ'~S^m2՗.ɫY55l*cv}C=NFߧ=]E UWZ=z?Pe(UVVkaEUmգz m@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& %$`LI6 '$tBA)t CItEitGRߌC/8n桸=oah)76 aO0:o ߙC1mtѬ|3+fl ]TŨFn_*c.vVjifj!UϔRLIUZEP꫇zjzA4h88J;Cz+b=bbb!sא$EHI#q$DI2I(IdMI8I'$:S:(:8:H:SX:$4;mqN-NAoN2:G*t2dҢ A(jѽh^3h92%f{ѬvϣfJtʌ.U94)S+E&V roߩzu,TjyOm6#r_5dI,5-U'z4Q5Mc4UJPuuDwT;u7VSj7x>Q>xvdBQzP7Q}])KEQ+-=$HIBI*%$$hMI:'t@GtB9tDGYtFyt HGҙt(Jҹt0LGt8N|Ps"*fG#Q]s0z썺 u4ƬyfzԌ֛v=cDMgXt8'+߯mjY<1LPc;j< Rϙ~1X!xZRנ)ګ'cςyx6LmTuJGzQO PnݣzhG4ƯWDf#ګ!kH6zx(꧿FT/R6('G\1*aEmu3>zd0Vs\exM-0 UkLS0E2ޚݤTg`u-Eb=όEe*rϸ?l&!&DwpOtgѦjɍcFKj(gF;.קFwp>+ Oucк4Q8_}}\_dg?%o?kXgpƷ8lO=m=/džt0V10KVϨS8W>ֲ—lm;6k煛=^q*wʓ.x/E8>o)FPڛXdkbqP*`,ud#ΏUoFh&5oW6>Gմ܏#{2b'_dK[6v,g?Ep"ϙe`ޔ$y/KۯdUGַes3f:K6_^eWl%DuD] Z|;=_}Q=x;i&y,f| #瘑d3@@"rNMWSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&$ē|:N# :Nc:N,:e*]81111@t͝akPLްF1,17 | fsp,_fBAdzI+Bh&O"c]Fб쒳V9l#Z nb#Rf=|YfE#W^ߩv:_POS $ DD%DYD}[0Sg f`v:I$d0FH $$dPJbI. &$dpNI>@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.L}3n606x`#gA>3j1p|sﷃrN7Qq=؉쯃2Ku`<7Pp\e2)GX҈,F/~`=u7(%$D BRH !A$D,FHK'DLJRI,%$DlNI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:3nϭ荠tGT+XlV3 XOr*=œ]8A9/:5va#W~ |I? 98t4Y|b39Xg[0mi+\ |*In5|P}] T N꧃CAxꐞ_`p}8s+f7bgl ^3_#͢`$Č >3E(A}σvYu) E>y]=` A8C/n+uUFޟ[a6+y 4q`t8Eqԗ./(?8;eA{[H-'~&vK~%[2o ēt3}`'Qmaicck*WDh + @K|Q+yq]n\ ɍ} EOIW>f31.xּ۰t6C{5ܣyǖ(7A} D \_=rWhW p}1>ܯ8[ /~**fzV@D2݃6PngqyP j+h_ J>coA#E/`OaZ]ϗ?Z%XwtJ| ⹶X7Θ{䀹Ș?߯Lp4p96WïM VG͝7sb*iW)iB*nX#߲:!꺹C7 cŸL"mSWp6ܬ gE4C>3y/gb yn3un$hb菕CL  S-|ǴÚpX8|5p9l /ʘb}\UUcAu}ԻvZ`W{jVwviRu_uՋja_Q m';蝪LeRT"*CHɜ!TTd(SQBEL()"sPL>{y|֯VN5_JQnWAUO/JnԱNHݤP6'!OsUYߌ>U)H6Tu9>'{iQdjXU䁰 sHP[IO"k'z>6OƳk c}A1)($|r,!'ﮁs6 NfbT RI*Je0TA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(G fZ7u.*⩜T*˦aԹR* sޣL ULV[U>]DIc&X|.Ij;аt K ƓJA5G6s<΁'\8}K_'r*$;d2_.ԖMAu"7dF)*F T Si*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$2ٳv>VKLN vR[»S_օ-S[qhWNOp:xBjtXT{SY5bfOc(l.;%wXώeK:y;]JC{yIOWx<]Aw<4y5(Ѳ$.odi, AnjRTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& eLI>z#Z>z1z!쑚>z:썿cR(:,<,MojC~p*b(~VªjWx^6Y2<$ocy>|[ _~@Ii>.ÞR|^S~39n$ߤˇJGcts%ZJwK&gKPm(&|*/+eNL^ By%QSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&[WFI<@aaԀ_wX[8 !jN5 OچR@͡az([(vx^ք{gzyP_#aO>G}P0z-dvxT&;eD^˥C4 gHp \-5R ):=I~Kɚy5=\&rWzTJOy;K>+p }fPJP/A#5'fլ&53^QӃ"$(EH#y$$HIBI*`LI6 '$tAg!t CAtEgatGсt"Igҡt*K߭:,*HM~"]zpjkzPt{龩GS;ӏΥ$ܛ*aaTcuxes4F[X>QυVP2:F`d_XHrox\꣒V F2\oˉ"ٟ^ _U鹸Α@+Pzܛ~CꤗJ'xbJTz9(xʩAA5.&hVGpd*fI`z#^AwJ@4GH I$$TKrI0I&${I<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:o83P:s`:p~ϐ W@ttTtTtTtTJJhۤzLHMKߛZݓ}ΤlFPxStX*U),RwYMxXuuWR}1>a?lwP8~+Q@SJ B~IcSٜ^T#ҫܟB꧿= 9 rxA^gP\ nQz~ F"^P{վ`)ج~ SIFHK]*u]TtJNei[pjC~4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s :0:@:3P:s࿝<'l:N|VVVVVV V VVVVVV֖+{±;|C5 WWfʆUaIrԑuQnNHWN-HWIMA;ۏbjC I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s蠩EgatGсt"Igҡt*Ktߎq8N  $(,048/T\ *#n_UC+ܒ-gFC$]s,'c^uEz,ʛb%J5OR=A9|vb*\푹[{1̦0`.dzFW;u(}TmMV+ӮZW%\UHc }x%+Eq^~)>'?>(>>Sk\?T^ Nz:^?T?7jCzZޏ8}!o~-п kC_M*9y5 qCgߚʋa6ϫ=Ph{uuz,Xށ?Q3NS?_oz'x{ÓEksZs[:p>5Pf6=U}N9 L=PlGp'=qnMHkB'n f@j ;6wN52ߗҹRS_ j~^яI.5MP4K&2Ft>]J{{)}"[p.op>mo g~fnL?m'ڑٶCz=O68aOJvd}P/mkx, Xa,A 5ej}O\;ԉATtx鐾S ӽR_⍜ok[fx+: !DWL6Ed)&ɔMe9njoJΨzJh\#Z*rWGjGzL*FHhFJhENr%Tw 2xkrko蠔GnB*EU娔UAPQGTAU5z@US5&VTWՉnSJ%BTQ9*H%(TSy@H !$ĐDH"a/GH G δ\_] V%x4F]MPhUgo =JDT)dTt.}? }Y׼!',5e^&!t3^>'EFrF7t+Fw5wuoy_wU8n!t{V|u޼fr;Y~7f:h>Vgf،Q9~*5B7-Hl~kOY,;LYgB>2j 4Q"KV+)6]QN]O'/2Y.y2]ϖYy'<=FꑲH(EŨTRa*Mũ< $dBbH "I$d0FH $$dP߭%>e>W[͗j٬֛jٮ>0;ջfZc/z|C_7ez<'fFX3HaidzHu=Q z?rУ ,<ԛ+B2?g2J'O,2Vd{߳r/*Yq/;I{*@ߠr'_dNߙ)5E{ص9]q55StCUh}zJVOb$HIBI*%$$hMI:'.83:s :0:@:ۙ2Nc\:Nl:N|VJP4ǕnQ[=jywgB\y"'٤ʗ 'gL}穏3j ހ{G|7x%B߼ wm{`<\:תm-VcKOFQ*K4$$ABH !9$$(EH#y$$HIBI*%$$hMI:'t@GtB9tDGYtFyt HGҙt(Jҹt05|kj*b3R4/ͫyW櫚J~U =R=2}Z1,ӗc;( &r%Wռ)e>Lo-Ge eӍ'g l[٥O!śrcX#v''>9ۜ׌gߚa6/!jiR#Phf&0[@!qRvj=b ;ؾ=<ȋA c"vv_\9qx\^~9f31]>Ժ.1Gu3CPFf,*S]o>jt k}',Iߥjqip@ݰ1%M"cegߚa6CO;@TiwjosaUOU u=bؾkF9:Tg0`nqw9+VIJ{}Ln\[*s[s|1aDOܿ+M3{M{xOiUM7Um l_q<7*Wcaϋ~9?&܉1v8Os}ٷbM:-jQɦgᝪx,Kb8~]p^A_Ȕvi/W_a/.s._J2Ͼ5l"jxχupN]u]KxSe_~%п +9?{w^ oP:a6 kuT4O&pU1zXUZQ- *_'i" ovTHhf~JEm1VW7:SF0W (toM*]cOI~5en$6\ěPyQO)5x# 2ߝf*}k_~ lvؾ2[lz/f4[Ǜ`o'lqb=g1?i{ڽˮrn-;íiG5lhq7[>i'n+}wC&FRL[{۶~}ɻTnO&{D~&~I {eI{-eH6{dWE>'޵ƻ\>2ڷ=.Nd9f&!K7 [;l^d%rٳNC{ibsZn [YvS^v;r"[o{vWFyMe7P6xȷdȗ}dɏ> bbb[3S3fƙy*@%BTQ9*H%(œ_9f&:-Nio;]GQ! }ldPwNo3wcOkJ̨8<]/y(> ދ\{ewXzQyxKV_xuW^uūy ۻT$2TJQ1*G$TJSq*O8Ys̑~VNo^?7D-F޳eoZ=^Z!aߕjf"y(㽷d$ B:HK*HE\ {h['Uw}]lu{ܙ-Nig d9Sxgl[8|yvw>8>gG:8gEt9fg{4o콮V ^ >UjX*c8 toJޒZVJwfUSS[SeSCKR;]OtN~wʅ'#R>uWSʨ^>\Cv~$d|鎒n?Yv}*ք[N*{wUZZYզ:eS *BŖR5I>gDY/oY+Ǭo@&:* R8*bE>-< $dBbH "I$d@#y$$HIBI*%$$hMI:'t@GtB9tDGYtFQYsL'Rc#nT/DWDGD;D+=. hjxHjhy*ݫv{;oi:UuޠN0œvX6Kw,rAdQ:-.dHĹMpjn; 4ν^Z;=3H*9c3C 9p\%tuv>u$+g9?=H"a$đ<HI$$$@0I&$tO:3:s :0:@:3P:s`=ktp+ȸZ[9:Ssc*[.uRZnTsѽ4J sC{FM(߫7}c}#~Y}>0Gn6D[ErK7M YYeއLq"Sd;FC45UPiK^qA6x|Aq:KNwy GyFZ8/yRy u`r+=R9*y,>u)ɺ\Ye*tV+g5QYYՙjdV{V)u,"i$@H"I& %$`LI xO tA)t CItEitkq"Igҡt*Kt2Mg?{cMΕN'wjcD'P#j څN>p.I}Mp.Mr.iRS7nw~f鉶B6E-s܇JfVml_ss9Y٠9w<鮐~"(w6w\B (0P"+@gLq&Hg:șr9k@8%9p NYuSB]ZV8K*Uy28GI"$$XKI2&$xO tA)t CItEitG҉t$Iҩt,K6gt:O"2BRbr[s<׭ [j;XMrQYuB@u}#ݭj?U='UQ'{#ZQxglV}OC yRgT]gtW5V6.ڛ} qNJ[gy)}0gw,wG\̒A gh󺳤8T.ZPnw<஑8,ܓ25xɇ^yߜ?783DI2I(I%$dMI8I'$:S:wQtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.L'Vt< J J JŠ JÊ3Bʾ5j$bE=><rV9r٣qvy/[p W8]T4/2//:_rPc|OrRZJs^Kpҙgߚa6v~ƨ;ܙ*⾫bCaڅvzy 㘩&8cԓN?5ia C.1ZtnWv9b [%F[+Qug}k/EԆOkTew*>^ǝ1̅_T_9j9Q9N75>1̀8b~Ys>c8!yp,Ruo\?_ )(6W@+݇TA>E(^8P?݅j[C(ia ˝[]K' '/λ\ˋ-Ͽ)uo\?_ ɁPn39mTtVN3֩=Aѿ"Ϋ9?{w/:^~b,P[x-*JU}3/yg^s+zJ^s^^o5ϼۗCxK2WB^~6owڱn̯ی[enrZN3>L͜%-?ʑS XbRfSAVs3UUqfWazqL RR;eSa|Kycom; Nْ[9m/\:ewPU eTV z`LS2:+OOT jJF+(.ՃrChiøv\kdϚc~+t#q\aö>?)ham_v'Fw֞=}c//JɠȚ *a#Ag̺ a8dg  C"3#K[dJOdL `;b@|Xx.-[X/#^?YsL6 2V?col9?⾵7Fهi;1}+}~y{!OrEpPBJaF74 ]=f5)?'ڈ['hEjDpUԸ j(AE RTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH r8GYs̙ *Ahpz8wNA3.O ڪA쫄cרAnYw`mZbN].TCrKʯ/򮟒x?WrJ$wh$Ւ/*yqW9b %{3-IjP^궠h;`nFkpmD=*''7OePAd]6#@|Xm_xU!d'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLJRI,%$DlNI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:zfϚc*ڟ>D,G,E,F,@i@8$z!,ۺ?MT; h ګ\= @R Ԓ dp*Tc7>5`6ʵN<,KQ&J??>r.{d|+~b& 28~'UFqU8??>'>xDTr[ 3t*c޹~i#<ԃĻYn˳ (j P ڗ!DLJRI,%$DlNI(TSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&$ē|:N# :Nc:N,:N<:N#L:Nc\:Nf~oŠxTVBmG\0?m/|xUR.xq7XkT(4n(E`A?~ݝ~6/8)9PWC-j_OKl6zw`y.gR)$w^ihb{=C'y~9fsqطEpj_Mu~Kꍶ b5/~%пλ&\# 0ϯ@88'wa\w(]F[= gK /y QFa6#Y򜟖q~sPx?8cA aw/uWCxi{2DQ-w59`.wYsy|\JŢ-qըF\'7qc/D#ѳhz#sugϚc~!sY?5xIοd>?ĤwCtBCD43~ƞWS&>m" rQA/D`ƫW](_'5KEuQdT2.*$;$yd1:GѦxE.^}?昙,݌l4BJ}+]|`|;˔ggil+E-Ǣxzti:|=썦"C뒟hQr$&!"F ##zX7D'mh43S*AE RTQA*IE,g13[bz}MJeźBĩdB HF'1Qit]r[7.rˢo6c+/͢m3+j&ďQqk38\a'O<_??~>'wb}="nTRY*L8'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLeϚcfhʹݣs{AmcGپQ<}V%9Ih8)S1N|o654N<̏73”{z|=2ZOip<8?KqN}G/_^_ߏoeTRY*L8'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLeϚcfhDlK[*lN/cKDpl wEmsT{+A"ڟ4V'uIUq=Ը3I&oj|d:lqQ|Y_eġ^-72Tq'dֿŹt %y'ubXJe T Si*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$2ٳ昙뙃9ls7۝O#oƬŶP4^=iDpMQ-[)V#IHrS-)LJG 璂ѐ$g5 =)S+9d*$;g&_9lx9w1{&[8eO}xUhs<[oG>P>_+qI/ɯN M~ 'uaDX)#,JN*Mũ< $dBbH "I$d0FH $$dPJbI. &$dp?{S-œ&.5]l<,7v l}cyβm6? EH%Ihg7ZP3Òcgil5OLd)d.Oƛ\ AE'njNUͱ9@N럡!x*gSdT<s% u.֕º^ҭ?왜 'GsgO#F #CII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s :0:ٳ?ov"b Hc^n.6=AԀ,79ftgMcJ7W(&ٛ1&͛fF<|mM֚;I򲩙LDֆIWS$iLV79Ź:A TΓх~.45Qrnӏ$ \;X_&X:dH"Q$4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s :0:@:3P:s`=kt#pȨO-ZQܸjG.s֞קmsҖ60 eib>s1eL(LnZ=fP`&Z/o~K%̗6a,`V< M^5j}0sWܑt0UAMMTdr&\xX+b<6y_J^7$Mh]-k't~(D?}QF$Ĥ\L ՠ$ޟ$9F\j/%E0 CI0dgo{ȐFH $$dPJbI. &$dpNI>@'tB1tD'QtFq;戴H:SX:h:ٳ昤ҿ۟QMd?vd_П1;]o{Xﲎ vګͷfU|n[YnEvm_0<3.1A}vӮ57OLQL= |d$̪dy#y4M3qfp2a(m6@`ꢶN=4ЇAΤV$#zV2J>LH0[ͱϾ5lz mGSl}V2=Lib ~=~tO}^eI}1ƱL/`n_O^HrIq37^׿lL:}I7s*2_ i >kL5{oK^Uд;` mg}_GŨ疲%l|@I=~|%eûѲ %ͺ&Urٓ5G |0rʖ0+M6ִ^8kۣhv~oqoJazk1١dw$G3Div$q1)a~MLk/C1m S!RW?bvow{u:QI6e&yL:2w/]~9.[^-m5F/EL~NG]sn}7%\ɦhcZ({o5;bQ80W{Mx3:6]<6}ET';~eJ?eޘ\+=)9}_'“IP薶~̶ғl?NkL Y--5-Nnx&~m/gz|n{Y߫ϪTKřs;cN]9K9WuyGct ~9:{u6g")zWl}C_'Ǔ6{yژɋ.EU]ܯ̪NV:z[Gq^Z8m;j݇zX/R}w51^Hf[-סڀ3;tNw.xIGbXgS +Sޔw^1ƦTrZ輊xټTATD{>e폵lXG0gUUEQtwKUP=W¨tZWjvΈYgwA'yg*=U+5ES·82qg.ʧB 3Ɣt'1 2TJQ1*G$TJSq*OH $CH"Y$¿đ<K=ǜiAg Vd3;[Lvg3靟M9jqvl9ꦚiϯ"ꊘLK8Ls5jfj>P#t35DguADV|NC{>bw_,=^"{^fO֫ z#.{]AJ9JV'[]0sY]3MsJ9 u~1bbؤP} VQң9W0yj TX@jX/:77I=C5j=ަMfGK{^ثRJQ1*G$TJSq*OH $CH"Y$8GI"$$6{?GJ߫:uORe\#^2ě6mAo}喛[jqx9jtGύPVue5U\JgTfsL}@XKz:AjjVNj~Kׯ9Knl0`2B}Vb{z~IPn}MNg>svNozٱc(uh_J)Mũ< $dCrHIa$đ<HI$$$b&$dp9RTx?\=W*oK勻":xʆ69Pt9݈Q삢?A#PZfΪX*w-EyEC %p+`w=Q?Sڬ[@:Xj~Jyq!|t+KB;Wgv@aK8E"$$XKI2&$x_'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґ8ʩt,Kt4Mt< @n.lWz,Vy ۩V2.c5,3e۝p|%Q ocV6Y|{WF%陼L-ۊOؾe_2+_L{ YRRa*Mũ< $dBbH "I$d0FH $$dPJbI. &$dpNI>@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.L's}nݠj 5,D&֛Q'S6ԟ&/\GӜOxlכe,3n` 7p^Q/־}S&M(y[R,}#9f31S 5ߨf 2|xN֊9=>i6|oO6kf ưn( y.3: 0OWñLσ~BoTin8jL}yZc8}Euc¹B5g9`eaQ^ ]φp{ploqS UGMRݞa6'c)=4SL]TR[q&qU&r%{9m1ٟ t±9?vO}\}~p'qg m? Y1է L 5PKLy<S+L~yz߶o۟vscj(JhWuEq}ܧ(4[~jTinۈ ^iFVL0Q4<=L1D;8oz /T^}z }'9f*gh3{>9xDZ<곣ݽheU[DyS7Dzh*k>upWqzCDmSݞa6GeJ~!CC[ꛣ] oڥO=#7xKP7*sG%x*5x8{MgyܙcJ82NoSi_'(ˈ:[pNǝ=:&Vu5DT=QV4DW tWz&F|.Pwnw7mkz=[O=>VOt?#y>nx܌muY`Sof}$f';vq"mݾQIރzW@{rWU?Zku^:?TpLIї٫wyz9WTD1=٫^G}O9 .;3oU>Sh^ۺEWO yG]ߪR?[+ 4ӽx{{PJ]knx?bknt3 ^.n6{l}Lk.7MM;VhOƊ7 ?4": Z##!^G]-D5}Q.\q<TP!*EŨTRa/ms%vE7Kt7~ͪtsn͏󼺂n>?D|sQ--ҏz/+Hyqu5ӱ{z[^>?rKF[Nq*N y]p^G*w<;%)tW(6{L~8j{ k#7s|{=g}#&_^s{U1'&/Y)=;zto9f>UFꇼYw?V >(78Z 3z^tQi7:6QJ)*F T Si*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$rf1W=>z⟽axy*&މ^W xڜ~7{qoo~Z^5+l&y;CFR?/CnTGS3=5g <0Jp_:u/{Y8gУI =,rTJRQ*K4$$ABH !9$$(EH#y$$HIB~i+ܛ/fdzdoI<yx7 ue^xR+oYj6xJo5b&AYUIo7w;_NߺhwĊܱ:;Yg>_l_9?>9ډt<Ƕs}:ήR_& T Si*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$rf1W%m{޸/k{/+P7*xm k\<+zaf{?j3ٛj>5.f^1MKyix<xy^܃Kr7zDpB] p03il֧ƏA℞\Gr4mBS4vJ7'MSi6--I*Mũ< $dBbH "I$d0FH $$dPJbI. &$dp9R#qiX\-~;Nzlޙ8w6Uq-oV eƝ^B<+sƟzp4uo4]i5u)1L& ]C&TOMz{@u=ݺT u2)x *ބZs26 .P_QQWL)OH $CH"Y%đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&$ē|:N# :Nc:N,:Ng9 8{>>888؏؃؁8_wwmq(23޸p[7ͽj;^=/wqG/Ŵ6\kyMM)ay/g̽^Ats+n+^^x7} {^4 =':ON>^.mw^ޠ l?5ˆk/y`fWKuXӦyTdS:!mrzLzd-krSc'7 j)nF3Mgz´w1+Mi7)crٌt7y\p0Ggn(a180d uerykz;1]tr4?L[y S8GI"$$XKI2&u%ē|:N# :Nc:N,:NqH93P:s`:p6{IJKP/KG5qwi,9|1$.殊_t @Q;wH[Aۙ j0ΌKq 굈xAXٸx\ ϥ%arLzqJ k68A0IfLr7@ʗEDh&:YNxS2^TW8MNxq|_q9GZxڿu8bFH $$dPJbI. &$dpNI>@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.)gt:O300#030C0S0c0s00000Ðs|wYlq&򞉵"hz5mvߋ'ɧ@'tB1tT_GYtFyt HGҙt(Jҹt0t:g`&`F`f`````a&aFafaaaIoJ=ku_uO/? nxQ<9XQ9 @ I)>9v*sDjj q2WGw7檻 Hv{Cqe|̓r<ۭg7^C6q^Q@;:sxpoLAw$ n/XF@{$9f5f5^>p|XcVA?Bσv9> ˄본'LG݈oͳl;>1| M0Cp>3PV:\?X|0)n`&Bqnx{<}?wZOčp*(/hW¸{B%Tqd5Jp>#Q?&d\7?X|0~oz}7UDyut0 1X`u^0Kw`-Vca!8w0C[ >܃Yo;(aIBobeb`!g2bLpFt3Y!Z#Z D4@kh[Q忴ɞc.sROz?])=_:O')/}q/*L%`~=X[+:zӓ19:_& f}2xҜ ʘ+AMs{+x8A/#L[-XC( %c64wEF7)%BTQ9*H%(TSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<K=ǜ8V䴹\0gJ0j n F)55,|P gΠYd3KXOnz@pLw뷂+Ou`)|X_CU=ߤ;u_?tooCQV+HI=\Ax{9dAxiP؅<lmUw~O, ?iM?}[/vRTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& ͞cpUT<6x:~A|aP)<2'H/ 2ӬÈ6V=X5f"A(늺wڠYYAQ3)o>3C 7 PUn\5u.?L"N #z&_ 5sBeY_T˚~ISGy~S m*Mũ< $dBbH "IS>"8GI"$$C$DlO=T}P9n7 jqF\-WB^UA)w}0s(5E'`F-ʓq PDWbX 1}\3nPo]& CJ,ExW>Z'!2\3.ip%SׯmjM`Sm^!>@hx #)II $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s :0:i?GA<ȏȍȁL B_#j~U|*h"m=(Jů G4Fn<w t 2#W`G35lc3و f5Sk6̀4 4M_V LOs kSuBA||>^ ̗~631E|)Dkfg\AWYM=3֘R49c*rǗp"DLJRI,%$DlNI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:ΣD:g.N9s`:p:C9u5p}5ܧW@?_O;<9fSQ>oVx2}o=?Gpܤnqs?dv{Y2fư(Ѯ7up}CܧmG?wds|7̦(W =s;S7}`~90'=q޸o? Fqn0 t#F q"s ǿsٟ1 8v#~4>mo!W[¿`o{{,p< ~6QɈp~_'Zs-B]~Ɉ>>'آ`LѺ}0TJAoM{?z?o/׃-#n7˦_OAo2gIkUs{&oGt8?W<Ϙk>L_OH{\s|<:]I8 &&u"_2x2yx., j%J}eQ|[ Mv={'[ Ed-,x=,&'O'ǒŃɌ"s2NOjs;N%%FѾDhoE;Q Q QQ\'0:O|]Hn%F DS ZhÓ&$yBlLbO2ܝ*w%ܑ 9y^lHkN$JED(hQQ!,*!~*ߣZŽ Qd_Q<9Λ%^Ko%D/dv9&YXNL$%9ɏh89_.MnC+.=Vm>PnKN_"T Q)*F T Si*NI6{9҅ɋrn򆜙d,Nf'YcZ#Ʉ56yAMƬaP/PvOFd:Zx1+ܲ78^܊Q'=j!FK[hE.zH\ }eCb\X@toDyQ5,!jᣢ)[a65$f1WzH ;Yꖬ`uNd![$_Z$Zm[C.@vM@lS'8i|})y|6iG,‹3|Xu_DEx3-*DUX8,+joG ˉ ]X] _f"{^y@P<♰x>RQ9*H%(TSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$\s̕nlfKj'ZՓ[]ɏ>SV9UKV$C;i5H ;ٲnr|WVH֔O#S֤QtB\})FQ*nFDhzT @ťPq9T\#ɶCP(TC4 UBO&d0tAŸl* Cx}< !t@ǻ)H"a$đ<HI$$$n`LI6 '$tAg!t CAtEgatGсt"Igҡt*K3mSAc #ŠvXQͺ~o] 7YAyUSѷVQ+n5&XQVh5gMbuQE]e Be=:N5Z%78:(bUEԨUã2OTT~-^t%dIPS6GtC W]{YGl kbRglfdŰ|&,. ee=l$3; # `׃:Ⱥ /'gy:-O`<,HFH $$dPJbI. &$dotO:3:s :0:yW$HGҙt(Jҹt0LGt8O=$HV9lp5,o?ڇ>8 Y3I֚p7n gi&[X|U;g5XwQkpT= [S(93m -SrB4D>C@SϨUͣҲvTXOFd.|O':-8 3 etx@N SԖ%f }//s_Ȭ9\' !, YâaEٰBܪvZ=:a{b*bZ'-+eA"i$@H"I& %$`LI6 '$tAg!t CAtEgatGсt"Igҡt*K8p: !)19AIQYaO94:,+G^V Tz;bGv`$|Q7+syj8:v58duX¦VU뵰U=,EJX%S+ aʧe g,Z򵰵l%ۅdE98ĊaQ:|ByGU#g*gSP\ՒFm>Pv>14wUrt\[2"$HIBI*%$$hMI:'t@GtB9t:΢4:ΣD:ΤCT:Υ}At:O300#030C0S0c0s00000007ݞOa.)߂JR-EQ [cZq7u˃BaffxSVj$" ;M9 `c,)+GIwus|7̦VtUVbY6irGFXcimqQ5!|}ƲMxUڄepqLEa[5|ch!ohEmendl~7O=wlJ ç#G>I(Ua|Xc( Fx̚&ّ1$[9>1 φp~)#p |c !3F#їg&[~O=wlr Ge(!0)P@ yxXڇVEYPtZxZN?|#WoÅrm'p qswP!Z6Rݞa6akey.kq܁M(߀Mn_vk{\;u}9_(]:1fmhH~cL~}GJ_ $c4yZnHn;_ɽ2>DYRlHK+ŔbDKɲ &8]Ll'&F]_&Ë(oxD(."HDpT b_P߿Xa,Agy' rpZA'VU>|jv> ?37x>XlYo|KycoqQUZ<((xQU=/T诪qժة:_ToqV$E$2:EV缸Ef炐aZ&Ϋ\Qz],R$h>ꡯ'Ǔ6{yI.UFܣ cʮ$/3vUqĮ).ՅmW UUd(XzEFFHtQ' #`5zoS%v '53\"ΨځY:%*VcɌ}2ꔐٜJ2SGpjeNB<-w #E}@E{ےmm $5Kv~ \iwM(,d=mXֵ_5@V$dPJbI. &$dpNI>@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґ8ݔSX:h:x:<ݞIj 1sC|WPgeuUޱ?r}V./-r@~d쮲]R8ύr#/W ~,YTP?{Ww]{Un[J{vǟ[w9/dw{lkM)Je0TA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(I%$dMI8I'$:S:(:8:H:SX:>inP|8b@C&˖jvg߱OʋqYwJxQp@eqP9>*.0}"˅C?_9[=9f$K+E^~ Oiwaҳ+|״tsnQǺ8򪨯vUѾ&>mo![¿ W~oX'S<'޳jgP}&촔ٝZ_*u!|PvCdv l!㭏R6A,S-UO W5EWUY4WE |&|./+_x'-di}x,ޱMn;xo$Xص6=wdg{k/S9>or}Yjߒ!V\s\Л(KT$jy6ގć޾D_pxrbw+K&Vz&/=,xEQ ^~)y$&yNbgbw6;x;hhmN$*x&O=ǼSvD~~8JHs?Ms&#F##!щwY+sw> lbW3"y-p9c"_d,wHҟ x)qk#K^=WS^+ 6V;2QR"Q2:q;5Q 4]KM<6*yn] 3F#7I\&ydVW92>?( s "#\~pDN⊸?=\q<TP!*EŨTRa/ms%;39s7ηgmb9َ1ݐx1}#1ݓXOu%z"%Qث#{-^w1LfZr@.^,.{uYy˫-]y\oL}{o'3-dTP!*EŨTRa*Mũ< f1Gj{ o[-/y.yIEf!= fz+!r@~;Jo꽋U'{cS"Onq܍]'1+1=NH< %r!D{{|bgb$F9_:٨_X+N=\韼 rru^,%޽BDLGLFV{cWc'@E~W1v+ reS< .ﰋt\E~C;_?f3Uw3m{EHd} {#7*M2 VSkXe'^|S9iF2]teBWhܢSԵsjvvQ&J$(EH#y$$HIBI*M7$DlNI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:ΣD:ΤCT:Υg9C@ <Mѱ:X;x#beagޠXW@81[쵎vz5cXg~rcq/C玲XOepcgߴӂonx5m+c ׼G my>fޚʻjz{ʪ-ǻv]u+bm-5JXE69hh2:6uUE7lWٕj.#ڥ4oM1=A#y$$HIBI*%$$hoI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:/-O83P:s`:p:gIc$F,E/~c'D QԈh)^)1:cM. MilW/6˫[ꕉm xYbGwoz_طo:Ñi_ڠ}{>2ۛ=c-\kw㝷y'N-| |ce؏oow>q$. '9"GgE3mz,~" "Ol([.*fb"glH!|Կj7'bw4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s :0:@:3P:s࿜,l:N|\ "pe +W \Ipe C~Rw 8mzoW{+=c@xГRn^Xk2ֽrmV!\SD-Q9vAbDz+T<+=M8xq~[!b&֋~bo#/ UG'J]BYG傸c7qzȻd.Zp]ZCnk )kφqxĸc|M01>6OǭC׈UR@H"I& %$`LI6 '$tAg!t CAvEitG҉t$Iҩt,K9zqt:OsJ+W\1rpJ+ W4\qޙ6ބXﭵW@ye{'~{/gWc|tA{}ۉS0| mzZ(~)i#؁nwPo_CqH~(zfu}/x x^G<%<Bޙa4 yev)o5ΎHA{A(zP?uo/f/C]ip+oK~#ONRpi|,ALϿZ-;e~?:I޾$57'$$]&}MHxC^AoNRXtAlN!$-?'~RoZ-~\̲{y6|W/V(mwP,z]k[$cEQ&Cwv~+V{0vg;9~@6DdB<Ȍ(,XUd3le$;X+85[ɱf9Z~j묳ruI~W2\ɾ%#늼8}B-VZ%Z{{khve(M'uI&hbyASfk:m=A{닠?h :XWt&zTvJȮV%{j)[]P5|٘nMOfT/0o=uPQ_~uAjN&c.cf*we=OʎWlGh-dsۓum_@TFCFGFY~ģ33ǜuK֊0a ^foXSֻPkT0z?b-[־u뇠u n-Y% f5r"z5D~lLj>r< Y;12tI>Y:YE6u\߶sr?/+r}]oamjN(AE RTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH oH ΙcG3>.7ۇW~GG/I{܍5(>&'0 'dg|n(+b_[eV޵_ k,mzV{9j gZre@pG^|^> [)P݃V`!Xbu >Z7P>0` Ιcy^#+E{bϗ7-}GT?J KSB=qmeoJY@yvԳP5Eb `̪5 Xg`)1\3%lkz0,zvNApĪ\?X5V\0jlZJQ1*G$TJSq*OH $CH"Y$8GI"$$:g9㥴ߑ[R#zdX)]ڱ2G;Pe#B/{\`>QPMyQV^c4 MZ| #8ou YǪhFɮgE~y3 (+5 X[Pf4}>~9FV:XI*ȝ}M=5iگA !ʳ^:O| ckfhګv[$O3h#{_M>%;M/8>=8`Db{l=Ƞ ", ^v6{͎D;e޳hM;s|?"i9.#'ck:ے[m'؁g첿uOa8k &ӂaXzȯҨ8?rlxN?9Xi ۧp=W"{C*n/ !'Â#͐_UP)/"xNQ<$_A{nDw~M6DVW= )L=#ϘoMFxd]0^> MQ^j~UW Ws*yUܚx~=A]ޙa46’b0=hK܀.p=qB~Þ_D~[@5x^#<)E{/Wޙa4ްocws=x #;tEۣGNk9sٓ/z!.CTzt2;xok>Bbߒ|)K_N<ȋuEap>>QNQ 9){Xd'lc=#[doM hoͭ#AkK {ִ`5"eL:b쳪g*=L gIĎtvb ̓Mv`?`M) ]H9G,r%"us;{u twyDk 1QT}3WM{wL5s=fdyk'3lzx[LD9|΅<%>7W sD,4ŇfYc^LkLIQ- l.>^zMqD=}CS1x7QSVHw7luI(AE RTQA*IE,Tʓ?uq#ާ7ozoaFy%o3+0Mi}`{3Lo eCr" j:)-r\"f҈Z?+NTv'=n_m׻j7^S+_*k]6g4ԝ\wnQj{(1Ӝq<TP!*EŨTRa*Mũ< $dBbH "I$d0߿;4~ow0&kR~%4kjyei^7/y}ͳ^SmlUsUt2E+Z^UG;w}WP %:U'QAj;2r)xOQQ*K4$$ABH !9$$(EH#y$$HIBg_T~6S-u3n_ӕ{:I ߼2EU̫m{252E9W zes@<3St{qQsO-ȭ]7 ]r/TQ2*J<ȏEâJ/*VTҭnRTQA*IE,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& 3nʙntG]/_s g:C|O}`zYF/2¦W #_"s!↞$QKMGY(c:"~LyD^C]MU97*X9 ^W @"*TErJ/RKiTSAT5*/r$TA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(I%$dMI8ߝI JKR hxu]oGs.ҹ:@{i}U~ۼ^zwO%tn/Զ>+.(b.Qb~SL0`wLEu]KCTeqQU&UK|zAtVF/!)"/ҪuB|#H&n|.n,wS>MyWx)#PNH !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&$ē|:N3:s :0:@ΜC ~կ ? A,-־Z~!PY?7uQ hxW[zIo+=;_~֍s:NqgS6D\1VOoꑢ ޢ<ȧ`;E,vC񕪗@#0S+ڨPoxJm>M-q/%sSryRx-rPpTU6]3+ ^/U먪{j0# a;o[v&Oqh#zezUc: D "}Q>/PF,UY*7AF:`azױHF2o/Dw6~"Bػ:' ^1n3H?(χz9Q? {gN>M>WOg0Wuң?Qc_7f>0u5  )ܗ_l!w~$zȯjW+ 'T=;K@| CocFu:q?K޵ .uRaKeT}VvP;Aj;Sr7i5ؕ/ _$`Gᆵ[`=-hVϚn;ݙ&Xeʈ8fs#[◂k"ݔ~K{w fʜf&BbϚ~A7{ƭC_Nb֗M?Se)㭵oO\tǷLأq.6ߝwgպS<4ŜMN<%1}2~I_ 5pN9SywDO*&ztsםf̌tN 3鵈/PQ940 8YSմr2ۢNNިxoǯ_'wbU|u"z# _o?;_=oRifZ7~Y~qNmwj# A2"\sʘ?9hyȩ`!V8͇w'`6/8Lɔrb1'ԏ8wtN1;bgcS}0:FQ7ī"}xZ|άwsc6 alUԛxr9Ӝq<TP!*EŨTwg3U-`JyL97>djL=74v#uuMWnzI4\vNAb%>F `8FWs<]]u뇜crv /nx DI|Ή<ea{{[%:Nq_+řs"T Q)*F T Si*NII $CrHI"Q$q~ELqoUE;=_wouww~=[?˺{S?:+u6ֵtҙNFsyǨv#6bDxvuo-]׹@'ua~١8tFg:%ne}+Ro+ ! f)DKOtRt֪Y9kT&g=ʶ$%w} 8'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLJRI,%$Dlwgr'D@3|XYz;1NpG =.u+w'u.Ewu} Y(vЉ6JG$'Aםn9G7UqVcvl:3Fw@n[c e+ hρL:z]eqΫ1Gr6 *UY:T=ʙ;U]3[Ut2ǪiBi*NII $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:3:s :0+E @ "z[TC܊ C/zC+ st3T]+_R~=3?j\w9\_!VGț@kq~Wc.LtnLǪX &:(8j:_Augztf5ә:cB'y9iwqg缫z:ΤI$d0FH $$dPJbI. &$dpNI>@'tB1tD'QtFqtH'ґt&Jұt.L}ٛ#g[;[^m7uOC|ؗXPsBsNꥸ %_[;Kt-g.缩;0fEÌS5(|ajT>wzݫT[S/Y5'xd\Kwt½aTV=~!wRP6yka(@"H !)$ DH #i$/'H$$TKrIp'&$ē|:N# :Nc:N,:Ng𕞆g~ř όl՝fD:EpW=&Y>Tq#U^UrnjLzgTCTqrhҢH_pV5Az L@?˺X7E9"q1gZBvStZrnh;s?ܗms}K';MgYHOEX;u/eLȿvn%9;'чY\o"mýnDw~MV#nmӸ]=53P_vF>17ȟN=iуЇ!HgG~:';7ffӸ^FOCy7ˎvOzgh)ۣ\ P _B0<eE̸/ɄesN>WJzgќAT;.yNu+қ囜'.B(/zP({"q9G>Z;WXo;۔?Ϩ3T?Njz=v7>cEZu|>?W)ڍg2dwJNSݩiZ:MOyi-݇s(ubn-aJyM7i6e~ Zb1}do|n7pè{Oqw3~@pjs?ź6[Øak1I?RIbI‚I\I𡤛2){/ofb5KD3aa$7|<Ʉ&] $mތI/)rx<5\aVfm,l]Q1'#&rb~T~XXX؎sZ痗tAyG?.uQLp&r%&==T+J$EL3};UʑoE7B]9k慿e34O`V1\e<9\Q9lG+e n&bf|~E^a\n \]3[CF,Ȯ+B,1 uVtfB *BebT RI*Je0Tps354aFG蜙2GGhY0h}k:GL{8ꤍNÓ(fo]x 1Cp.2%h7o9.3_23̓ZO(yDu9KwC˲"kβ6f!w\UC2Iה$f3ΙTP*DTRY*L8'$D BRH !A$D,K?鯢5h97'Y=s>c.EoQ?s$mF͌h-1Lh7AΜ ט qy;m^'z[T,5F1sBf6szܥ`* 9=Zcd:ޓ,J}*'j&ʅj\ujܪ K E,Tʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& G]5aԤDuMRr5&)>0fk|^0qZ4<M1s>d ǘ032 w1u¦xXd )3+>%O} ܮoU^.e2^)\U[63BS|{oj쯾CZZ!%bT RI*Je0TA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(/upHoJnI~dMLds&ѹqyGrg^(Vݐ)GW je xRú*T\Rv 8'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLJRI,%$DlO?Tӈ:o!^/ybb#b b%b)b!b>b.bJ5yNEߋA}ZG9K?ڪDxk ۬UAûcߋ9\OjL2?6^f,Y~e3/lDq_Ѭ~;sa~cxᓲ<4S(nJN04AFt7(zQL0L&7j0 F Go/j_,btwd=ܿFPG,F@AlGJt_~,fs#L0̊`YmoHǜ zfcY 43Et A?Dt7.Fwf9W5_a4f|ٙNzKŌ}Do=oG wlv,l ս1G01Üi8g P *BebT RI*Թs)xښ;As MrP$&t-[|4fu ^6ヮMDg|n(+2Y j0I?6ZK1zXz_s{CY9_/ԟYG~PAГz_Yk%f3ΙTP*DTRY*L8'$D BRH !A$D,K?&,f&mYL~)"u^dtQs/(l 0W͙9 vZ0hb>7ff>C^CU 3gM`O݅JWf{_郾vrJY"]tDkPgϮw~:WwGVmpOڄTʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& %$`LI6 *U\ ]RwI.#Oou9 tayYQ74:%h 3g"P}|TJWLbobuy>djMY(X((fL I1sy>_ԇ^](ћ&(0 /~f}Ʒ%W(߿GppLeN{QsſPSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$$Ē\LI4&$ē|:N# :Nc:N,:*]^~؂؀XXE"e8P.-I:?%N )R+f?(WA^W lu!Zu#iNA}7H/ P ւQP%$D BRH !A$D,FH_MJH"I& %$ଉ? tO:3:s :0:8;s?(aavz}9aѝqtiBy:ԋ㿏k{k"8ʳsp}ȿۨ5nDw~M</L7%(ߪ2MDnWpmteEy.{> :!]Q^~:gO? w>zg8L?'JowzZ#pVwǵ5u4ʋ^~ύrH7C~ AQ?ˆ9HwG~w@659xn<>S0zB0F=\ =P+tOwC+ {⾾SfOg4{?4!ǷV;WXv?R[S~{oء57?Q'1Sf_Ӭ~gs1?ڤ&ǂi_m0@`2b_.v*iMNĮ{ss{g%%dO]P9e ,n͠ "u f .5cwp.s'5uz-N';N7?c7۟'Ɠk+ﬖVBb]TuPU&zc-þ(ހ "%% (! HIJҢH !t7HK al;:5qsfzX9h4}jݦ5VDlSV].Y=QX6HTZ ԟ:{P97rL ;*&Ή۲cBW3ubl>h'&%\keZjqreVkT˪ʽNEaKqP4*S!L?D.*QD5M<&zFxE=J'rTDnU!"+$.CgLb,* &:ɇ dFbLJw_ }c}AE$b .Մ[OS{ 5QOQ:.V8Q\`W kC.bic4bu5eX?{xu9~ۺTJr+84(PCy@! Ā@a ā<A$_AtS͡;jI5\55"՛:]WC{564MclV+\00ffȭ4Pvr=+'R9dYUnKM*kXl bXdU˭\be;8󇭭ikV|Ԛǿ{6k}9^aZ_%bP BI( e0P2@H1 $@Hq D 2A(:{4v{znN)])]r؅)%Sϰ" jGߨnzO>j.=R!2%$bM.r.339NPv* )|RBaJCWY83qĚ-w-q*-g~b7։/XE8|7"Giqha|8d}TCy@! Ā@a ā<A$ Ă\ A4Rl!;-=8l;p\,)GC6؇E&a G=LctHU-U-xzUݩK=(Sf5\9.wEse/_wdk$PS,8H9/+"~SܵGu_/+0_q:y6.Ǐȭq4&Ǎ䘸%ߌ+gB_}򭸒|$D R@ A D,@ DL RA, DlA<ȇ8΀C8΁$8 ΂48΃oҹ"Id,V~`a"a%b5Qj!UV߉886G^yjR-VgWItId+"BYj4D9TUeo<$ʍ"#E&SdDfY]d%DM)q)y=ב\-xo`1/97+ex1S9>>1c @a ā<A$ ob$  dpA>'p1p'Qpqp'‘p& ±p. }SgHBBOU]\WO]LVy*8 |킪[1)`q :fcj^})0E;A!*W|&,4X7TjJR}< i:/+L.Y|LS6.R_EyKċGQO5碊/*I)9L=8ڊ'󢂬$*GEuCԕB4VF^;3U}xOrYB΍aq|ǎr|2iYظWPjLW3=ƒ<$H BA* $h A:pGp9pGYpyp G™p( ¹p0 Gp8٭:]ءF-j\-+f1_b:/EeċtuʪO*'{#]YkV4b yCLp/7fI.tFd?+d>6gz)KxcyKk->&7WؕjUO˪uqu1~Qm;qou8xW:^sp?Kq~7N4R3NjqhNZ(nꎸjvyB,T^/?X܇a6Yot|Km1.~kq[u=TY\od~;; :[բ&ʫ}:mVHyXr%WlLN;b.a|+|??O 2.츼J몴\~(W}!Yzӌ%\8QMMOr[<[-6,\&n˅wuPO_qf|^?sE~n.a._hi,YzS*Jq;J$ w"z-9R]qW7eq*+܆ 7 ~=~?_߫?Tsz\OC&Y{Kތ }xUrp|>Xxu*e]M?L'I]7WʯZsO?(ΐxSgJ3'謉:[i:{b5|Ǘ|k~[~g`NñDKL"OV[T[[F0%6Rt½L_ h$m~>9JsTuiߜvn7T̿]i5%\=Y_/EE&.ŵ_`-X,|0}z+>GM5>@^D?<\ޞs//_{!???ȿ+;}WlcϘ,2L#<P@!(ŠPO?Twz28CT=a; >CT88Jt]_"}űk蟩>BW-UTDϡz=Sf7[~C,fH8{UOe_!N1ߓ42C(E RP AA( E,Pʃ"@)  @CRg2r:˨s03G0=z'B=1)ZQ`1 VS`S^V)c>DwtQOǸW8|m{K}^K RR)= wy{mt#V:y~9"d9/? q׿.,Pwչ/itIPQ@%tQHwyu/C{D:#1I8 D R@ A D,@ DL RA, Dl(5(OC4,BÃ4"hEuYވڱX6AY4̡ǂ%*Vs fͣ9VY=N󸷓F Q=ZOM *{rv:P^ݜr:YW`EQZG4#H_i}PdD6J<爂z6J<7E=AЭDGHMD3T4-Dۊx\wL* š< db@I d0@ dP bA. dpA>'p1p'QpRgTQ4ǣ092hd@LI( \1,xyU{PDŽԊIjzcyLO)M0l.sF~˙崞k\Dӓ9Sc9c8s83yyTP|:gV xDE^*3 订+>Dtc1Ksbbs8s|1zb~^/nA$@Hq D 2A(H d A8H 8S8(8 88H8SX8@ANjry"w0J gA=?Q#EJsN<׼mA8st}nG%jP+ZpZD{ ׿Gbק24AQ:;&AC b>c!1U)Mb^-vo}"R<9\d~MDpGy~n<Џsi ,~n:?'&s>y93/bV_M<; >7?wOדޟ7qwuSφtJ?x^nC>ǝ|__Ws%b~_Wx6<'S -w>_osw=ԟz{ޜ8QF>|V]/kk}_n'O?-`?yGj+WX^?^g*qWbMCW4myQ 7.9_7ᯎ{F?3%ْE/G3 7,~rJ}xؖuYG95/8*,rg:^< "CБǵ&\'5hwx;$};푘ྖLKp+%J9{NH:l}\ꌦuN7錤L:嬧78g({x͕hHtqN 2qk܎\yO?()Hx#92sdF&rs(Q_o O%'yci^DWW׍}%qmHpK'rs&ʹg)#D7%~=w/ǹܛq&Wi]GAXNRP P Ci(AH r@HQ 4@ H "F⯤zh>}j/jzO+~yёSa{WtHлn{zíMm􂛞)*߉5(e݆)>(r[ǯ{GqϸݣqפRP AA( E,Pʃ"@)  @i @"A&ERg2M U鷢4ǯEi_5hߌy:}.'Ri#mo-6>o+'n|ޔWQ1o9e1s;N~/}FKf4}%EGh x}n-ZDV!ǽ[@d<՚n wZi<,΋G:4 $B@ 9 $(@y $H BA* $h ‘%8B??C GH,CrqM,[?/fxFǩ_ZMߞoP~mzNKg7>,o}B=iқǼQH^tHgs-Ok"4 Dx=*;wx}y}tb*sJVl3>變ug7܏KwT|=}?>掍܉GI@! Ā@a ā<A$ Ă\ A4 ă|8N38s 8 08 @:{sx_.>犩T1W x/E/陆|TWOU_2-^K^WI4{pPkP==54^=ne薤_܇逛XKCbQ|Y'>u{YnK1}V,qKnv YY5ܕqvoN\›W-Qqcod_m|c~mzc_ϗr9sy*\~m1ז햬?Ʊ&6sy b7I{3lo&1K|DZ|>|?~/k|=?ךo5q9͹\nk.=׍희?u=%?k R׻9ڸ7.㞈wb .:b|$V8$)N+FGOGg ]tN(fIqK4p't%>p;%ֻ}A)(Ͽ'z{uJ%;s%g)qP9gp vRzgi-{!=fF{:-ϴ(ܽ*awf<գvvqYlbSY;AlG)Q>%%=Ecu*3vwQn//vޮ,Zċv-Q߮j|ݒiTCy@! Ā@a ā<A$ Ă\ A4RkiS)*&}ᔤ-Na< JqVVy䴠XN7zK8X3G)3=)ܣ~{,mfChݟ>{H5V5i7vMNyz.NT~Y?DV2+X!ګųlQPԳv_Ī]D_jdcGdMlWH* š< db@I d0@ dP bA. dpA>'p1p'QpRgdx#ma*69GF[BMsn3EF,w:yL(MsCsR\m#ڗ܆<b.md]\h9]\TwMs?fq~jvu*\,]Y%)E܎ 4緉Xs1#bN\[pZN;Qo>z?O֟z{tk)YLy$$nG\$.o*)?YmzL֟z{($oA \x;}G쉻-φK|}#_ϭ{\".o _ls{ޟ79:?q9+[qui;VJ:{/[#yG+WX_n,jA뎴<򦨥B:*nk4<ިTJQm)݋#=Ugu{5w7hh;WE/_FcT9B͝@ou3>vF-U:mr#?Ȉ׏גueR1g ؓX4篙NJ17E8<\'53rzPNcrhV4ªͷDXVlްnvQjj[sMkg}fZZMyǺ`ZeeZ}IVtjGdi9$ju)'G?uh:,hr5;959#崈QVQ%E(~w`W՗m²nZGgN5s_hkaM17Meau+,kYnX 9Ȕ̑#GqSƪ`ZV)ou7wdA&J1Qe52zN wO]W娳WKÓsܪ}JM/FdY|2zR>Eid߬0sm[+Lkh 7ín-Ezt1m4gs6rֵ&59a5keXVs!"P A)( P Ci(A:{U4E5>SGUh}T%p\>Pު*gzTyHՊ|Y#GV'qxS拚QBO^fuȜ6o9f5Ƭz9V U)`޵pu%g XG|e5Z¾ֳai.lku [ZAL#<P@!(ŠPBa( š< db@I d0/u ߪ<*[tJΫ\QU㪳V)fJF]TWt*t]˜j1$EOڦjMa՘n[V'zlJe<̵rY)pv8jζ*K2) 4L+?3h߷ ߵ$bPoW'PJCq(@ @Y 8A" K?t:nbIcm;L&{f0yacjsI1Of:g>P/P9̓7cwy|$Ϙ;B02SPN6FY%9fe&ӘpMZnƆ۬]VU,3޺r:r!u,u*|7͔֕_)P A9(%(PCy@! Ā@a ā<A$_AGLa{)j1M eSnfJϛv[ 579-jYI+3H4:j*_L!ṳ%3{s@2sgmf\g5yQN45PYigr&hRœL&Ϥ ַoik8/'p1p'Qpqp'‘p& ±p. }SgHefDž!aZV]Bx]UTMC՟aR>+CvwԷ [xI ϨzG<܃f*ofzPMּ:/:sϻRܻ9ҪnƖ]e&>l ZfdRfouݰ( a}&'gsLkD [:򩰋,LL7RNH-OA~r^McG̳G%Ge5ڑڜRN}RTNyH-Oy@-N<ܒs$H BA* $h A:pGp9pGYpyp G™p( ¹p0 Gp89&OjS~ՕpR*%,fkW;qdZjiTuLA{ dMst?,7;d1w2 !‘J8HߒYMa02|N2kXn)y=冼s)ԙtʓ|ΥTS^WSQwSW~T܏ܟRܯ*ܿ=?餾I~I~OY͊ƒ*WxRQqkԚp:P1<&4T~cA#xM4?ʴf|<Ne'sʷ5_n%5!JURU.a.$Sk?cZ؏=ԙeu=|AYaEsAKz<~# ri۰Yz _ϗEb\^._iN֟z{t憯ְ>myF ˪\Ưa6>\-Órn+z7ߞk7s9\n .=ӍJ֟z{ᨭf5Ϫae",{F.cS0|=-ߏp)rFpRx>ׇ\?~7דzs\Po;>Y{Kޚ cxUjU2!:)ǭ)[)shѰU;lka5kyX./ K譚T>0/XM;'˺kF[9VhU;:nlGUrj_ /"oo޵հVmv/U覺댟L{o`]Mi?UVr^fG*SxSG/Up!Zy629@.{"Q7jDi=)/!˸ _GSTn*L}}ϼ3E}O?(i~4KDc2]*ZKG[92!8N|?FE(?S8ڢGsuhֶіý*6*#tݻ\~9_u9\?XT̿e EyQ OT&U FՃ烴ы=S=H=d A(Yt0gaNЉh!yE7M1a4ыLN6=dL6{]~1\d =P7» oaxOf%x202#PJ@(rPJBQ?u S/y%My3 .oy/O%8i)&gMSmZ5_p[fl38M+L=ӔMu]77t hÑ[a&}.̮ maa4̧ׄ0f4px?FƑy(%BP A9(%(PCy@! Ā@a_A^39nͧj3;Xls`7Uft2=cibJs?b2=_5sL_1E{R6s=} `zJg3~g~Ri(AH r@HQ 4@ H T rA0H #J- >2˂1fE0ܬ A6 ZfA6+:Ȍ ft`y-bZYS2 ~6cFi9½ݩ3kXyzXo73P/g5TZ 6tOSCb&h ~GlV{=^_Ѽo'Pw p}CJCq(@ @Y 8A" X A2 x p)p IpA-8p4Q2S$G)&Q&(6+lLF4(ϭxL:όbyb 6'p1FŜepvnjV3sJ LG?c:fi3"<*fc>3l>|Qϙa?=N#OYewYw N j3Ǐq˱Mw7pE39$IQ 4@ H T rA0H t838s 8 08 @83P8s`z{> 2f| ᱢ++b0T`b6֜௄m\X=ܼ[ȴӏs3ϰ39sYmz+Vp +a`^8$~ . p^p; ? GG0|5$n`DX. a + @ @Y +$DL RA,_$t838s 8 08 s?(:c83o/6A_S.L29#^aI<2u_˜Lo]3'p:di=0: N0;l  's?G8/WQenǣ0kFsƘsz9H_Hwv45y~܆Q \w<"v szSԬ`AXov|v .׿s?-Gkv_sd)tY pIasf`>cz0>ׇ=.܆a`m? az:a~M]:#FP<T5LE}y}qRE[3uUWGrnJmµ.DxD«시'§a.ƄuUFޟ7Or HSOB ;a2H$܆{9#q.^W'x$*fyyG.ϐ+>>m%04y-\ K,\&pySoЛL^}%MF-O<^Pk)sg3$ϖuCGnO:-G<z^S\q1Mp#ȳa@ly&6Yz#]PτWE HA %O?-?y+WX癿Czck(M?E?˿y#&7>i񊳢v+6Y:o.}KDɿ"[e DEQ kB^\I3.L 6*]L5b^s:..\7. nxo<. _/L`k}Ud.{yމHx?EW݃ѷhy4]rF=QKn喝6*։ eln(wΛ&t~3sʸEgݧn!&ehy2J {G#ԟ:{PR-zޙ!GSoQ[W9:s1Oy'5hst19pjBD&CB"D ) $;Ry 2D !"C^%c<$ִ{kSﱿu}?}wa?8_x(\8ڵ/jqW$VwNKGsf#2j@kQD6. GzNғv_da&~[O*^§xo 3b0)?G-b!>iW?;,]=WqǸ2q8z]Ҷ6v[U->U-i^WWs:D:\%aw=%笗692TJQ1*G$TJSq*OL=z4 >ޱw_b#}bOq7d//}x:&wW+qwSr4gt;/K.M>VvV-rjwFJR-rC˽"7.7RMkL-nE283O2TJQ1*G$TJSq*OH $CH"Y$˜?&AC8-TC٘ѡB-CX-47V1վmط|?ubYo?\ajչXZ .>횀J23RsiI3Wڸ'&m݃ՕƮ1i!\[:Ie3r)xF(TSy@H !$ĐDH"a$đ<HI$$_aqYWqMHpA75a. gtBC.܌ZKcP=S1W}Eb_ .ssuۡ_e:M n:ɺו^jKwI^pe7L2 ,wLvs!n pJwtw'bT RI*Je0TA2HI!1$$EHI#q$DI2I(9{wCX?7|,=&0+|(J? [uLI GG8B>!n/Bq s|8}g|ozIsj*= +uKծ.q:Uӏ-:1[H$%(,td,G9IsGݹ>w!fib"UI8'$D BRH !A$D,FH#$DLJRI,%$Dlg*K~HxQ\%ԀMPt_RufiaKa G^~Ḧ@͟ޟ'u?ߩZޯb~ST(=a l[]m]U.sQ>G֗8enr:O AWCNA K!EKO$Um@f(Q$N$I $CrHI"Q$4GH I$$TKrI0I&$tO:aΠC:Ρ$:΢4:ΣoBig=!ȮpVv#]HP$~]4աaj0CZ=,a ! wo~k_}ӴPKZпW]u=J<YOnYA7^!rcs$D/)}'3P<  CωWD/DWD3ֈ!I$d0FH $$dPDždMI8I'$:S:(:8:H:SX:$l {dcV+˰Hɬ|'aŵa)o'|>%@̐[0ߥA;6hAW}.M}$ /j Z>[~~rRD}էiW?4 kEV&Z\~̧Y%ۏ"e7[r*rNJǥI}%^2_-c}%g$6}s>$.D"(9H}@Wħ{II$$$Ē\LI4&$ē|:N# :Nc:N,:N<:N#L:Nc\:Nl:N|?vHjU#CB kpv賡hhSZ#`48Zۿ o 8P/?-|SQGVx97R*X!^ D(_}wi PE_CJMR,}1q3p~M(%EmrG$5B _ m{.}2& '1ER>-*TRFnuy{KQMHF zZ?q[۾36)ZߟGІ3i3M۾L e:֒ 8 Lh-5Aq&r?Ky{F<I'|[Kb?ܦ|e=k| +|n<:t_Jo?K4Io&~253QNx C?)47 ~,?\ Q,$%dSEz_:M8y:OP 32PQ~Η92Ote%|*0\Sd3-Egޟ+5xG?.?)'9<#q܄󵸾 /}Kq</qWeo _'[.U(oݜ,?s\-~&\wۜOw)24w $[kKv\'͓_6dk>?rbu$6wbOV&nAVnK,w%)/"7WcU V_G&qZPwmX3rU@]B:rg8!߄ X%̐i-:I@ĨU=B ?SEh{*r\wOfl &>`iy4Z,f>n~椾f2Y"Ϝ?|'.5*?n0Lqq.c!/yci;D3LDa@m}jlVfZ0ѺΚ3,2OemX^k۬ЧNwiO9md/jMv|qdaYœڦﵿV_0%ih&h-3B";rZTo2V߬יZD)`HAO -K"ŜOfksm203͌3TJP*CrTJRQ?s0S}o!'nwvDNpNonVv>blj.D0G9;Q5ftـگ@6ӵπf3/M^X+&rh!dErfT4K&QR݌f73|)eHqh%3͌3TJP*CrTJRQ*K4$$ABH !9$$(E˜Lϴ\;Wt]l'6MWؑʾk@Cf'8;Kߵ dWiGnPݮwZ~"]dhyYSͧRfA7mLWi}4r!SY4e>SXka29-.i`fJS/yҌv bzKt3ݥyQښ>5iTʓ@"H !)$ DH #i$@H"I& %$`LI6 g3gZgn][N7V6Em7ѯl[( jv Jt1hӡgZ.תv<f@ku \eB3]tjAbz!;#붦2Uh9mjI9)M^jiVS&]:) ՆJmzL6di"3L3h4R3eyZvy.4$$ABH !9$$(EH#y$$HIBI*%$$hMI:'t@GtB9tDGYt˜?T;{*2<,$(qȣ[UlFKb]}6DF42zASv#mbvsis=^3U7f 2 B ]AG1_7wi'S ΅^1ꟀOaOL92L#}3ʿ,9`]1 Řzrqq q qԗ#6Gk@F<$D,FH#$DLJRI,%$DlNI<ɧ:ΠC:Ρ$:΢4:ΣD:ΤCT:Υoz^=:}P(P ,@ɕh'~mG_5ףQyGVB=yJ VR>%m'i_o?YvQX> \5*Gڍ2~!,kK}W7>cJcN;FH& $dBbH "I$d0F"/WDI2I(I%$'?&I6 '$tAg!t CAtEgatGJPt b4=n`iEd Ah7]bZ3#wHs2e$4VyM(`z=%xC+yfע}3oϕКT{-eP~u ZNkz/zt ~muƷ)OFC2lFG!;Qc&U AބC6UZv QdJhM?+p_/{vޯ on:˦3yTgXg s~c19"+3fV 8!MqRNvZzQdJhsjmk i [ ZV췖o ںG5 SM ˔ҭio2W7&s\˷~FN/ę~(hHi ƈFv[݋r'ϼ?WBk libPD[N@OTVB|*z6%1-(la3fa{4fFQD)v5JJxz{0>`#(ts%&$0Yp[뵔-q&ԡ1#F Se=ow.a1<"bawInx!p,1V1ZNߓgޟ+5eel6)(̓8φY}6{3S;8y\/2O_?Xp1+ؑXr #fj(e(7ArS\ z"Nsޚ עf5YuX,,pudMM_mmA/nsZ6[|fh{V_5vδt+*]o{c4u^GuzdmAci1ufHfϡ_k n!ӍUd._ '3?za+.( n Ą߶7m._6!PNG  IHDRGgIFxNETSCAPE2.0$NPhtEXtCommenthttp://www.rtlsoft.com/animagic Created with Animagic GIF V 0.93 by Right to Left Software Inc.nj0PLTE333f33333f,sbKGDHgIFgO cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATxKrH9,XsMBӖ~d$ؙmKz#zGN8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8NmN8N8N8N8N8NW~ptdSq(ّ\cW5'!k岶Ven7A/v?u+ ~ymcxz_}` Ha{g;c6ۻCИ^أ쇞8 8\k ЫkT}rQsկ83]#gQ볗=g& W=~/7L6>qb}QoR<&sAȐ[z>uw|\L1{Ν梲}TΊPvnWpyuƢ}_Hk\\;4WŖnME!'zux2\To&]({[ZTr,wnN%-2N]f~!gN֢_ l3SRn ?w'>E;M!_0gO(C)> P,>=PlszKѡ<46;6Un_TGC{E p˦+wWތ*!E=vScG\+~w`j9܋|V(r#CEU;({}rL?7 ? ~Z|s `+ܻW;wB]_]!^qB@cQK_ gsq(/PfkͦOITgcmUtP ]s[.PB_ ÕC7C{cQK{[=IQ:@:.dKu:fXTsG.w2 %@M0*_Z{8{)WPks5>UCv/6V[Nqy% .7H |ކAڋy"#[BUк'?P F޼Ton,1E9ڷmua s!Co _wc,&p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8N8;@?>k75y;1ymt>.i>7q@˛_Uxm* m<ͷ.sMw ʼ@$|;R$}};sC-}|1 z ׉ `:| !]($^s1}xs<6@ץ#SB nY6#lUN=8mf{!".h j&oU=A}Vvp'(V%@O 4Ž ~x%@fhۏK{$p 'p 'p 'p4@7׻7`!eߨG}9Uc!-`1"Ua|=?"\9(@?]-gv/+xrFŮ4/^L-tوcQg໢7%V? Џ~ UN8N8N8 ՛[g$Z}|,[O0[Э/tS9c n|iVxx)<_-og4&=yj(^Q.og W),׀>%3]q֧OW=  s4k|JfX<^I4S6E:tH4MVpZOӦKüuYf qEq}7}^1>3~- >˯3\OT5}v,N9MZBg(|~z. [g 0٧9/Чm*@ܬ8sG:j{ ȧj2M'=> vdVwcWg,nӺ `>I+ OɴK: J;k0XTiPTrOҌ'[+ S'RbW%imop 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'p 'ܿ grgrmsOGMSOFFICE9.0GIF89a333f33333f! NETSCAPE2.0!`http://www.rtlsoft.com/animagic Created with Animagic GIF V 0.93 by Right to Left Software Inc.!,I8ͻ`(dihlp,tmx|pH,Ȥrl:ШtJZجvzxL.zn|N~ H*\ȰÇ#JHŋ3jȱǏ CIɓ(S\ɲ˗0cʜI͛8sɳϟ@ JѣH*]ʴӧPJJիXjʵׯ`ÊKٳhӪ]˶۷pʝKݻx˷߿ LÈ+^̸ǐ#KL˘3k̹ϠCMӨS^ͺװc˞M۸sͻ Nȓ+_μУKNسkνËOӫ_Ͼ˟OϿ(h& 6F(Vh|4v ($h(,0(4h82@)DiH&LcPF)TViXfZv`)dbehlfg)tinƉ|矀Ҩgj衈9h6裐 hVj饘n8ivtn ꨤj*ꪬjc*무rkkkkjlF+Nk Gv~+XmL>ֺ.˧V;k޻620 d W4j! ѷ/y36AтCS%br60\⨦&ʞ2iMiH6HGeS">hJ:KҒe.Ń3 MʺѤLC9RbjS4'*OҴ-)F)ɟRkDaS~ՠ,5M9{4=;}貕bNu(RՎՠbY/:THbyDG̅5sE&*j.4e^VBzkںt<,b)^>=XͮtU_AWEMu^Z?Њeh[Nt +ac[zv]bEz6բ$#Ղֵ99 n}"'Gogۺwl-!vE n}Kj6j.Nr{mtFqSv+_rr6;X.08bn$>.4wNTTy!lN53{/89lgz]X>>n3>X(>f #C=,VzХh< ͥ2(;ܧI$Uj|FK 1 ~S3AîϘf럝Gp{8_9f_pN@Θq{O?>7|%@~o}ˏ>`O}מ뫟?oz~W'~( X~GxgzG~ | h"H&|yX} hz؂hy1xG~<{08XyEȃ9|ٗŷ9/Ih (OGx\XC~X$x35%KxF8Agh~(HYr4Ȇ.8xT|޷!8y'B~hXdžt(' Xx؋8XxaGN@yH^h،xvHHXSЍB ax}\TEȍ]pP㸊xQ@O`AQ؏ 9؉~.8H4(~ZhY_xIHH xH}ȇ6@~LHؐ ')ؒsX73y-\ȔLؑf89: x_i6 8H;b |؄XI xmɒ`ȖplYG)92G@5xy^5Ldcak-j&[r&NzUh 3¹w29eYJVRm_0V'x(2Sc\HyqzlIN.`$#h!IzJ{[JimJjڡZ IŎ᫰)fN.+cGJimev; |SNTҾKiD*ZPڭK뚛eJAO jM;ːq M#2q>셧Ф2i -a'|*͚1HdQkIfְT_bW]ulIeMoy- ʍzKӽ]x`|T`>jc*LǓpCoCx݊u+ޮh; u7nڮ+f޾8ʼnӺـ:O^#+*O=R#(#l3do ߷8aV5])g`Ox}Jxt܉f1[<&5:jd (:bpA\#vAi[t&= 1!:ݙy-l{Q Vv6$2c! b 5q(!+FЇ_Tra\W4B%ZlP^<>JzT99X+S!o0I1St5ny[$ GZ`r O2o$e@<:+M٩PÑd$dK4j \h9\ђ8KI jZռ1Mz<ӌM@Ir($R7Q،<)%3c~ dBHLhB&YԎ};Is{(#9к) %T4CmgPEWjH1$*#W*t*!̒N@JGӃM*f%GhԪZtFE-zO0،P MTVMk?Z?5Jkk("kDjVE*&8݉O_ZdX*nMYjMc:ɚvmkh9Z͆MT6]Yֵ-ge;[ҾFnOK׷ˊXہײǍ6u,3^NPB>k(7I]nzyku} y+H>WS~_ȵoN-엿~oE`R6,avbczp]J+2עOxԥCzٹnݚAWU"u<(2٭ۦ 廲B]JOwULUFnr1lKl):zl\)zpo*旪/G^_?bh&gNy ?'!k|#{F>X^w 8ׯ~賿ӧ>K|˓}^mߧ$G`Vih'D:UNqW}wkd~~7ly8XaGN37jl+nx#zB4g&pBZG{kglGl6ٷ'gzKւGfDFKx{?go{b|%(otFHx]j"l(< łr~NulshUvh޷xg(rP(TlmVRc>H85l@hz?rgRnvu8~Ȅs{h~ym8",ctHzո#͸0ׇ8_Y='эWSr/ȇwophNrӈw9"v[8XvHNАe"GX0%l2('Ɏ菭hU[E799y@Մ )J)}A) =ɒO IlUYhMSQZq%gY錒goe^e҅q bebkbNjWiceS{pjLo 5dle) HerZGUr IdGynR`h;ZN&#Vb)&y X72R)QSW&X)`iODLh9o])6;Pyw=޹ND?59ʙDAٖcןU#Yax 35)ؑ*x į3^ʑ($H:9&4'z#j"JX≋2蹡HBYY2/>KBס]wFdOF4HF@aJI.{G 1lԦpZ3BWj7z\*7dl@,Bzj 4:3`*b*$*v t'RWAݳAz4:D*t8BZ3өVX䪱z>QCG5kUL*6Zͺ/35@6U#<ʣ{Ja,nBZj ;ɑ1VH){S q8$a [*xۅt:Qb nCy[~GK)ers?(#| {z}ǰuͱnҨ͓]"gXɀWﯰV.Oۿ( |1A|Nl΢657R#LHNr%dkrŀDh֌DN;yތР2T!2,'=94ͻ`(diJWlp̩t*xP@nH,zhl:cZEBްXhWٜn=6{NGa \[x=V`~\OD8/2,H=l¶nȷ{gЯڧQݭߑMַ!_ RPhĈT|11VcH"G4rr^ʑ/W̉b:yH,:{ JPD*Cttm\CRT&)֬kbºj6QJi 6c,3l½ۗ@`R0&0˵aÒPlcfǏ;wbn"!2,d9e4ͻ`(diWlp|%xupHI|+r :Ϧt*MlԬhz.xLEIn|^j6~=ZuSJC82-' FHXz€żDŽ~uw*֗)q|bz蕢vye} \R„I!D)5aƌ/(V$vBd0cTyKb,`Ǜv)*h*%Ι9>K25իZ;a:W*#WAiYb ԭUDacV!)4[RvڴPw1dg`3p5eRUXhI>̀ubs-Qfo7@⤁LJ|׹;*]\ԡOW[]twmױg,棥.3.N|?7_~q' x ӟ}Z/BySv6!.A !i򇠅B%XX4j)uXA:8k]d;R eh$$W d(Qp7q&ESf"FS>UftUKC[hJ%ڷԮ+-ܷtGEa.ދy%5ضjLao`±_$s]̳jou۱)pp:+۷qx]oV A㪒+g @[I^}쫶+n|eGݹyTEO[t;~lG~ _;Tqe߁%'aWdrr*(eȘP(^5tbdZT¤zI(Օuf5gSII, _IRįGfx}5FlRP? qL@ q.*mbo:VҨv'{"2o()r GL, !m<@G ⍜ŷ:̝.ؿ)D|K1ǃ6tǵ.mtO']kSʫ{rv 4U2qa|*vaϷB+ł:)[ݷL_.(,řwߏ@m"Sxws"m#z.{ðG>婫筋^Z7L%ٹS ZZwS/d!2,thI8ͻ`(dihlp,tmx|pH,Ȥrl:ШtJZجvzxL.znp nt{v}y|xtq+MrL%K"J çǹIͺ206*u|-~t Z (e?,N1Lh`ЪNLtxϢ@h헝$pL7$#g;CS&Иx23ԉ:AQ*-j ?Rzk('m"5V=;`S[mhz;Zq][_M.Rܱ.<0K>8u/?=3z}7sڷ<H^^Q\F`4͆׃YnXrWԆՖ~ȡr4/ Hąxc5Z*Jh4jס!ءۂDH3$@'xC*Hed%yebrYib9%hך$=V#9("/jec|xi眅Z('hUGu{ǔj):(xv餠r:j*7<ܟ]!+g&묨^3twۮ lp.B!2,3/I8k`(di(W,p,!ޅK|[6M+pl:ZgQ)풲˭wl?*i̮vԹ4\ܮ[fwJ6|Z1x9z`t xzqgIA5-@-f{c9ԫfydh&ҪfQlzCn 8 ѷk} 4fp[h"4XQ=dy6rdDPDR#BdXgNT!⣙*/ r3t=e1hG{4LROQT#T7sN]mGbU[t lc|=%QpKYX༅{}-ҵX !2,70I8'_'di(,p,[|K\+yH [̣t:KSz @. 7s1zyFVl{K^uiyz|*xswwUkc wkO]68db\rsWZ[IV/ĵ~IJЎXCPḪ 6N\alI=_5=e1L ċ+8rcb##4i#u+Y"J-]ZPgiP45ER>QT^Nͭ KUoĒ]{,/jײ-\xjKܼc+/` 1[=ur rVLs9@h16}um"!2,D0I8ͻ`(dihlp,tmx@ߋn  `C> Jj 0fPvR8N$oMH=hdwg[Pm|U8ecz5rXAu?~-t>y>%sdV'ҔkVsbn>!edJ$W,ߎUb~Z4ċ!bH"Ǐ UCIɓ(!KIoK._R\)˾(`| jSўFHNs0U>UaL]3clzu3Lױ4!2,X~*I8ͻ`(di( k04qk]pG?aD&3ârLokТ􄀩n{e2Z'N96Yprx6u0Z3\@fn~gyxaSdX,kA_tusB7Xfz,ƒ`-wy]ɦQֶ<<w_^2xBW #HC)V4FL~rH)1j<(J-%#MG(D!2,](ȐI8ͻ`(dihlp,tmx~|?G, b'POف(ԏJq%Guxyz{#=I=A|fESg+'*I%oyQJnbKRUϚ^ΧU!2,HI*8k yhjp,tmxzO% < "'Z|vz[ٯ hLib=C#2jc~JiDkop`v7tr UMudB;s.c%:}WEL80z°ƿě;5ѝبفށP\[~gnl{N@h,eY;jtC ƍ M2d$^>ܨ"ɕORMD P&x/yl9JГ;5:tiF+'H*L8 $cZ+:V5lGei5{pm l&66nIN޽|L LTbjR2~kWYd<0:-%+h<)9̤ԤMgmZ>9VƷr8wrylƃ] ]E ;z;+[;k"{_m)#8?ܧg_^ iW|VP7a?w JD7aab!CP4nmIE׎1OzU$>+S0Y^d>S̍IJd)AfomfQ6&Pw2&ly蠁Y#Y fz~Y'js7`ꩨiR6髰n[nꫪcɄHRBz :kk;lz&F+Nĵ{h.ڭuz۸Jm龜m滸"-,g&` p^׊\ giZ VvO$ʰ(o s ,Jle/L@7|o3 tR>tUt;I]Vg}+tː\-vЙ f/holͲ&?4 x\d=\e_s+"3nxۍm]^~h#yP+ݜ;(ozͱYz0:j]9 ނS>Fnʰ;^, |i|{ӫ ]_3=گֱS "Ї% -^7>|ӟ p j  /vF^{I@|KVyw۟&CͬttP* !B@f!Nx*^ + 35 t=!pc,bƮ[nY%?i7<^q>K *, !5YB-\Ҕ 8 FFnV{tf.#FjKٴ&db=c\w9I3"[ E )^JX(Xo6P-bK( юvT(GAH+>MޱUQ2/{بG=ϝԤ:^&4L5Md4OJ՝3?ĨQ݉T>tJ` ~VT*nPԭrIX%խQEkZj4gT$\ ˢT!U6Wi_3q `?%\ /BcO#Lvܛ'3Hp hCk =mASb}Y\J|L'ru3|IPq|QӎnNUg)#zI]DvWLkqQK6؜J^ׄ&Rq7F6w5FUE{/r6-F.w tFHFwәsb̭i[ÎtpA/t k AԘ=rs&IIÁn#z,8f^\Rl`AoSF&eVyuWf13/GVӛtBҧY]u(Y.0Zoq[';yuL=rP^rN6N:|qXvݿu&)f0?]dy9Bc+vhyeD6yz{&dHOY4{A`kW޳H`/||c#uϪT0Ƈܹs1w Bɟ~>V|בEjB+' Ç{EQ1h—9x8pvvaXpF?~Jv~8snX՗r ('Uj*N@@ւ' 0~'"|ЃNgWtBƦ'QB HuYxWx4hW#w[K܇[~'w[~hVG nPucxtlYx}y(xw ҆nP8ULj: (lb#x'WXXH(( b芏jыzq]7rĨXxzȌ1Wq?sؘ"tg2n't8؎ H>Wgmxh8Yy ِ9Yyّ " P&y(*,ْ.9U294Y @ :<ٓ>@B aFy5BLٔNIR9)NyXyPTٕSiYbٓ[I^yF caYp9jɖtٔnq,9uٗ@y栗|闆Y7y铉9~0YY ٙly99y )qٖy Y9?)bY\%ЛY p)}y@ NɛYi Xib ٩@M a)I`WY鞓LIiY9) kɞ*I̩݉9 ڠYx0zɟ<١YZ|ВAz3*,٢3^ POyz0z *vI"yAzLF*@U*W J]Xzb eɩ]tIdڦ=$javx Y}j ڗJꦋʨJ JJr<کR=Zʚzڪ ʦ:jzj Ǻ!2,ppZI8ͻE(ghJk,ft»dh*B Ҥ7uq.yp Rn}knh[hGlic_eIdwHft{v%J`~;UOƤ3Q])`dd R1A%C\ܑ|\` % II(]&L)$IʜhSЦ|΃~'~ixK1}$|\#dGXD5˳HҜJߺVQ^}чA'M6 :$Ç.bBQ4.,!r,Vrr $`2XB5CgƖ9 f 4xijPuv`Զ<߬ޕfKpLXM*!PGsJ'UOyu??q\9~i0A6|{$>`&z}XIc"18ռOz@!'Xu I )E3|B&BI椇SVdxMU~.Vg]ypFj(]-ߙX ٔ|3} ߜ&e_Y(hBy(ׄVV&F䐶)h*w৔HꝨV(*b)tΪJ [ޑb9{ik-%xm(V-!f;9n[+z ޼; ڦm ҆dk ,^j g1ƚ6$xxpS&2ǨXqYl/O76mz1m3DY<G rEG3l2K^Ұ4_vVo\D*M-j׽v}rmnv4wن/ ض!7 ^(ے+>6cN9>qCw袓x{ ._]S^뷻Ц#wt)6D_< 1O@}k$ӳ_o>w˞')uqx'0~ w@| @8)PP ^7AJp`@ATv#0x*B3x$P2!;Q tCƵ d h7aXBm$&(ltḦ́M[ }t>}V]Ag7i[ڨ!! ! (Y.],WDr yGWC$H$%96;풘tLwHЈʒ"(Q򎖳PI 0I`F4 jxA:e;d-s)]&jIBnz@1HF0^㢙Kk $w zzS 2xVJa:%;oi=pV>CA$3dqiKJSj4Pp+8Q4}1|&G jS"BdIQӒԢgȖǖ4hўxNa=I!Jժ,Eщ.4 )IPZS`-ui&4ZSD־՘eVTftvk:iu [ΕB AbY66|h)Y|(^٥&t/uehG;՞`,a)Qcj2R5qyÊtgK4\nJ%]N޽鵨'^.Pg+v՞N Ά=o4OVwI hSuVWֲu!$\n-0c`9KLEz o?fn:]%^P(ipb_\,tMpL {x@qYc?bLx|&CV~CɺXJ^O+Cl{_9e;ḳplڸY,5mi<4̱h4Jt\hj3If=WZ‚V2Ik[j=ҹ[ͻeXlFu/KdZМ[뼔2_b˟#Ehֻ^|=M+SzMNkLR6vX w9ԟ";ø#Qvr&~OvnN}{ 4L^w6U.px`Apgn]񅭪N^cٖ[6*@ݕ] ft)}<$Όt lYH_Po`b&Y(mȬx+=T8*Nul _|L̗'`'P/ZKTͯt42To*%*>eNBOz?eGB["%Aq~+nnPwaXvL5fj7 Trmanwn:AZ'sx aW9QA~v w!o Gz2 4-؂96;}!|?SY6hw>x'p| c$Hb1C}릅\raHr@e%`}iHhkk؆S-'BvXq0{'h(+Ч@3t?5~_؈\Bo~xR8剜#'v 06RhFj׀(QˆXXu؆8Ĩ!2,'I8ͻ dYhlp,gfm|@ nȤr~ϦtJlSuk 8L.i8n$g;%-'hDzGftY>/Ws ¦ō~Nr֎*UaM|^@LHK'6}_Hth¡@[2^T2G|O<8Hw#T"a58 [ FM}'j S粒t=DRMeRT0FT baJz u!<\6V]niq#R)j,6"K&F!H\2:%pLm/-=+yfrnJ47֍])=J4ہqҽoyB8/m]ܸ-籅)x7肦Ɍ=+hsy1 /I7>o?|FyB`L_!VdĂ 7 hσCP}TSccnwQ5"%"/r=Rΰ'`1\vv#D>$Hd$N e1jC"rKyP\y^ni^ݩO,+F6h %:(gsr' 㗁ܟ))x8cZ‰ݘje(Hi(*eQ=**N +4j6߬g"<+ RkZXnkuV*+/$\jveoA'p8'F0ݻ.*O [kT1ß /y#\( ]#_".W 0"34s`;ϼG9;Q70Уt^OLߌGwѹ!}0cvfѰ[$ t*vߍw;EwWxL5=tx ?Mkt#`3n׽՝ܡ3<~Ei:뜓9:Y3]uԼ.;0s:[n{mNK?=ܩ{[m&c%lX[r6 P0Q0 \F01@r#\\\ョc3hUa(ckt$p3@2FxQHIdDoẹF'(!x#hC qM*G)RhE#C$d iIJcd J2:lE%Bb|I8 O.xTRCtTISvܥ.I(t 9bh@2MeF ! IyiV6N3FR ornkNos0ݳՐgsӏL6'.=аXPg6DQPGъZ,-AN!MTYOdJi?D8BtgoGfӒVxт V-gj raQ9V?j_EiXV&ZsiU\yWW^m^17/+\7 VnE.:PMq[+jelMGR;>okkWy%Ĵ4YhNTMӷZ5*f[p(%iqY( J-lMv&]l7Ъ+nJ(+VH ZyE*—1ԩ@]驻Zep [EUkCKc 2}|;{.Mb0,"f|XV"v)L+Keģ^XJ͈"$)u h[MjQ<^G)Ѓ*@9SNTBVB0iǓ]|.,$Mh]ϗHdGtֲ3@s d(ZW3j FQ)pR|"#C&O^R=>uъq!V#]k\ܢ]ʵ\5?x-Jem',oCZhKm[{[Ȳmp,[eMv{OJ0G72{)o ߊ>w.l}hbǕ#ZGGvVZy Z }qN i74T^= Kr;|7Ns<\3/Eksj=?Aa{/C(yqtE˛\(6:.dY5ώ⵫l_4iU !{T7slH/w;!,I8ͻ`(dihb@ptmx G,Ȥ(ltJZ#NAx,*t^UKϦ}e|]\8&{Hht~[T.>cuw*q/3|K<ğ}N,yӫؾܳQ7_fpÆ ^Ŋ.Jӈ1Ž8|#$Aj-.btR{ YSa6P4wF ,iBA5`wNsjSKuׯEJ*![ʄ!wYSe1o^oK'GUaXLG/;ڸLcu%؆P3Ϊ$ҕvi1Sd wٌ16Qډ%;7浈W'u۴e̋hCmT#G:!cF LT9$58.,v<&+Ǽ1laFI%&W).2 & g_q[Ity24P%@RgT'SL]Qńf9j n ';ANiSeOnVĵ4ƤhCAhd}ʳMzZ$<'%S̄'6:фN(g?3Qu8;#SnԤ8( M^tP/)SteHjNwjSƳ{d%Rۀ5GV6q@֡F]JEjOH%*^A֕w:j*UKS{UebXƪձk*Zp^]Ifiγ7m_WB6C*GNP$ e;[W֖M.Suʂ}\&b[ \v%e9j[5,ULא0CLeލfnpikZU~WE*[D4ES;p8"a5K]t°, 3)aCpeN %sE fA,_˦XJ>2BjSXd.g.g;;cwu,Q>n~0e9g8Srr,I:t!:"ڕs#94.,ULב}g7j3D"WύkO r3I_:zvm*Ǫqk":Zvc!ZneYmor^w% {"|ٝ_y~x#Y k|sƸ|57s:"@qI2q#H8_?PFXcSp3yǾS*=?*ow=⏎>T|Sǿ>ٝBemgW{~'MdB'\^-7+N6xA\4? }hC.j`}Gx7sTK?!ZeVo|td4Nfa8xM \iօLăk~:XQw\h1&E 7hzw:DWXՕJ x7æ#)<.(~<{gBh5&s,A2y 7kx)t-'BT+gwX2unx.vjXxS65`S'LeyDg0C5:XC&}ӊJx\Ld㋝id&S2Fs? $YX['XgpsA}'Ҩ|Xָ 3بhxᒌHw&nXo(5p-x1,RC3e",i'bqNµ8 )*:x(1*81 7{#  31ē=Y0zK5xv,hTɕ lZ;(CgY Ȇe9c$(-L$oikCh\w)~8u% qsS,X, +$=Y|V!*k4 /D,F(15SǓH И4I·^`0 ᙺY y9'>1R- X{=q1D61D-)}鄥rp2I)mi+dЕgaugs17s wПN#ˢy1ә[G*IcU Qvr &%Ԏc/xs( z$.Y3jhX߇hH,?ڣ 9CR-X Nz<AN٢_j1OK(hJ qz$\ڥ93 smW[ '9 Mh%Zڙy)bA:,K::c ,JZhzQ>y.*ʋj60Zp2Ԋ+zbڭg#*z0ʣz*y&ڮMIXʯٛ>Z8𪓳F: ۨkKY갹I˰"Z![ / i)k#;e'{RdZ+/+^/ ;Ҳ ;66:"F+1G<{L9MHR[V{XZ\۵^`b;d[f{hjl۶npr Pv{xz|۷~; 0@[; {k{;[ۺK ; {ؠ{ ;@ ۼv{ K;w۹[ ˽ux՛;[ y+[~{ @Kpz}pLз# ܾ!$&||ӻl,<2?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM'O   %&?2$*VakC̷X1g9r$+.ig9b$Ą߶7m._6!9 TAA1@g4JdJdv 0tppp@  <4!d!d 0LR ʚ;k8ʚ;<4dddd{ 00___PPT10 pp___PPT9/ 0{20}\@C:\DATA\PRESENT\temp\chapt13.htm| %20*6(4(5,? %O =?&/MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic CompoundsInternational College SpainO('Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"OBJECTIVES: Use the periodic table to infer the number of valence electrons in an atom, and draw it s electron dot structure.F r $.$$3$P)'Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"yOBJECTIVES: Describe the formation of cations (positive ions) from metals, and of anions (negative ions) from non-metals.b n $$$$$$Valence ElectronsThe electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The electrons in the outer energy level or shell the highest occupied energy level Inner electrons -those in the energy levels below. "4P$$$$4$"$$#$Keeping Track of ElectronsAtoms in the same column... Have the same outer electron configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found: same as the main group number on the periodic table. Group 2A: Be, Mg, Ca, etc. 2 valence electrons^M`"M"`"" Electron Dot diagrams2A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol. Put one dot for each valence electron Don t pair up until they have to.    #Electron Configurations for CationsMetals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 2,8,1 1 valence electron Na+ 2,8 noble gas configurationx"""" """ ""  Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less);:$ Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons These will come offElectron Dots For CationsPMetals will have few valence electrons These will come off Forming positive ions"Electron Configurations for AnionsNonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) Halide ions- ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons S (2,8,6) - 6 valence electrons S2- (2,8) noble gas configuration."E" ">" """ """ ""Electron Dots For AnionslNonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.Stable Electron ConfigurationsAll atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. Also called the octet rule.$x Q* Ionic BondingBetween metals and non-metals Transfer of electrons Full outer shells Oppositely charged ions created Ions held by electrostatic attraction Giant structure formedv$Rf    / R+ Ionic BondsCharacteristics of ionic compounds Usually soluble in water electrical conductors when molten and when in aqueous solution. High m.p. Brittle, hard crystals #z$z|        ]6Properties of ionic compounds  You are provided with three ionic compounds For each carry out the following tests Heat a sample strongly in a test tube. Add a spatula of the compound to 25 cm3 of water in a small beaker- stir Test the conductivity of the solution Repeat using two spatulasXSlSMH   Ionic BondingAnions and cations are held together by opposite charges. Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.nZU$$$$$$$$$ Z3 Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding'All the electrons must be accounted for Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding   ! "[4Classwork problems (a)<     Show the bonding between the following Magnesium and Oxygen Potassium and Chlorine Calcium and Fluorine Lithium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Fluorine D'ml'm(                                             \5Homework problems0   These are slightly harder Magnesium and Phosphorus Beryllium and Nitrogen Calcium and Sulphur Magnesium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Oxygen Bplp                                         !Properties of Ionic Compounds*Crystalline structure, usually solids A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid Ions are strongly bonded together. Structure is rigid. High melting points Electrical conductors when melted Electrical conductors in solutionP $Y$$&$$D$                 "Crystalline structure #Do they Conduct? Conducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. NaCl: must get to about 800 C. Dissolved in water they conduct (aqueous)V *< F/T+4 7 P=  ` ̙33` 3` 3333f` 999MMM` f` f3` 3>?" dd@,?lKd@   d " @ `"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> 0 _W (     Tgֳgֳ ``  X*  Ttgֳgֳ `   Z*  Txgֳgֳ `   Z*d  <' @1DD<d  <'2 @1Pl  DA190%$d  <'3 @1p   Tgֳgֳ `  T Click to edit Master title style! !   Hgֳgֳ   g-Click to edit Master text styles Second Level !  .`   H޽h @ ? 'Da blueboxs0  (    HjJjJ P    R*    HjJjJ     T*    NjJjJ `P   R*    NPjJjJ `   T*  /  HLgֳgֳ  @  SClick to edit Master notes styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level"     Tp  01?   B   s *޽h ? a(80___PPT10.^@3 zrp (     HjJjJ P    \*   HljJjJ     ^*   NjJjJ `P   \*   N̸jJjJ `   ^* B  s *޽h ? a(80___PPT10.^k  % f^0(     fbgֳgֳ ?      f\hgֳgֳ ? o T<$0  "H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   (  r  S     l  C  E  H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   *(  x  c $+    r  S + E  H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +    % PH (     f;gֳgֳ ? `      fd<gֳgֳ ? <$0  H  0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+,KD* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+B +   % PH0 (      f Tgֳgֳ ? `      fTgֳgֳ ? <$0  H  0޽h ? ̙334 , ___PPT10 .+FD ' = @B Dg ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* H%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Hi%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* i%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+  +*   % @ (;(   ( (  fogֳgֳ ? `    (  fTgֳgֳ ? 0<$0   ( Npgֳgֳ`P:  5X 2L2 ( c $1<L2 ( c $1L2 ( c $1dlL2 ( c $1d d L2  ( c $1 ~ L2  ( c $1 C L2  ( c $1lL2  ( c $1d  H ( 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(-%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(-@%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(@R%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(Rx%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(x%(+8+0+( +!  % @ 0=(   0 0 T gֳgֳ ]%The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen&&,> 0 Hgֳgֳp ,$0 <Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. First we write the symbol.$= lK=  0 N<gֳgֳ` ,$D0 5N 2  0 N8gֳgֳ*  ,$D0 n.Then add 1 electron at a time to each side.$/ lK/ 2 0 c $1|,$D02 0 c $1tT,$D02 0 c $14 < ,$D02  0 c $1T \ ,$D0  0 Tgֳgֳ b* ,$D0 _!Until they are forced to pair up.""lK" 2  0 c $1,,$D 0H  0 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+wD' = @B DZ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0"%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0"=%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+ 0 +   % PHP<(  < <  fgֳgֳ ?     <  fpgֳgֳ ? _<$0  H < 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<9%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<9[%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<[%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(+8+0+<d +   % `D(  D D  fђgֳgֳ ? `    D  fTҒgֳgֳ ?    D NӒgֳgֳ@0  6Ca 2L2 D c $1$L2 D c $1$ d H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q   % ldp L(   L L  fXgֳgֳ ? `    L  fgֳgֳ ?    L Ngֳgֳ@0  6Ca 2L2 L c $1$L2 L c $1$ d 2 L  E$GH8 I`TQ8c `T7T`T7T`T`T`T7T`T`TA2 L  E$GH8 I`TQ8c `T7T`T7T`T`T`T7T`T`T Q H  L 0޽h ?/ LL ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +    % T(  T T  fL(gֳgֳ ? `    T  fD؊gֳgֳ ?    T Ngֳgֳ@P FCa2+& 2  T T81\ * J,$D0 Knoble gas configuration 2$H T 0޽h ? ̙33LD___PPT10$+QsD' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(+p+0+Td ++0+Td +    % PH\(  \ \  fxgֳgֳ ?     \  fgֳgֳ ? <$0  H \ 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\<]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(+8+0+\ +   % t l d (  d d  f9gֳgֳ ? `    d  f:gֳgֳ ? ?<$0   d NT<gֳgֳpJ 5P 2L2 d c $1$ l L2 d c $1D L2 d c $1T < L2 d c $1 , L2  d c $1 L l 4!   d!4 ,$D02  d  E$GH I`TQ8c `TFT`TFT`T`T`TFT`T`T! T2  d c $14Dl   @ d  @,$D02  d # ENGZHI`TJQ8c `T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`TA0  @T2 d c $1 l, l 4T a  dT 4a ,$D02 d # ENGZHI`TJQ8c `T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T a T2 d c $14T   d N@gֳgֳ pz,$D0 EP3-& 2 H d 0޽h ??0 d dd ̙33___PPT10.+wMjDA' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d?%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d?m%(D' =%(D' =%(Dh' =4@BBBB%(E' =4 B`BPB`B?<*%( /%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* d%(D' =%(D' =%(Dh' =4@BBBB%(E' =4 B`BPB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =%(D' =%(Dh' =4@BBBB%(E' =4 B`BPB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(+p+0+d ++0+d +   %  lV(   l l  fDwgֳgֳ ? `    l  f$xgֳgֳ ? % <$0   l Nygֳgֳ@ 0 : PAr 2dL2 l c $1A T L2 l c $1A M L2 l c $1  L2 l c $1r  L2  l c $1  L2  l c $1  L2  l c $1T)L2  l c $1D)H l 0޽h ? ̙33ia___PPT10A.+[W_D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l4h%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*lh%(+8+0+l +   ( O* r  S   `   l  C ȥ   H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   *(  x  c $ `   r  S @   H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +R    :(   r   S  `      S Hǔ   "`PpH   0޽h ? 'Da80___PPT10.t    % PHt(  t t  fؔgֳgֳ ? `    t  fpٔgֳgֳ ?  <$0  H t 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+,KDs ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t:%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t:\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(+8+0+td +  P(  \  S 4Aionicbondw H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   % \T|(  | |  f袊gֳgֳ ? `    | Ngֳgֳ   6Na 2K | Nhgֳgֳp  PCl 2KL2 | c $`0 L2 | c $`P L2 | c $ 0 L2 | c $ P 8 @    |@ T2  | c $@  T2  | c $@  L2  | c $p@42  | # B@ENG H1aIZCQ8c !@nK!@nKZC`T!@nKZC`TALx,$D02 | c $P@,$D0L2 | c $;2 | 0 t3,$D0H | 0޽h ? | ̙33___PPT10~+MODb' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* |%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(+   %   (     fAgֳgֳ ? `     NlCgֳgֳ  ENa+& 2K K  NGgֳgֳ  _Cl-& 2K K<L2  c $`0 L2  c $`P L2  c $ 0 L2  c $ P 8 @    @ T2   c $@  T2   c $@  L2  c $p@L2  c $P@H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$    %    (      fggֳgֳ ? `      fggֳgֳ ? <$0    Ntigֳgֳ  6Ca 2KL2  c $PPL2  c $   N|mgֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e.+ D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DG' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =+v4 ,0B*O3> B<*(+8+0+ +    % 0 (     fDgֳgֳ ? `     Nĕgֳgֳ  6Ca 2KL2  c $PPL2  c $   N̙gֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P 2  # BE$GHdI`TQ8c `TO`TO`T`T`TO`T`T} 2  3 BCUE$GHI`TQ8c `TU`TU`T`T`TU`T`T!{YH  0޽h ?/    ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +:   % 5-@ (      f̼gֳgֳ ? `     NLgֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   N•gֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  % `@(    Tˎgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  Nώgֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Nӎgֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N؎gֳgֳ 0 6Ca 2KL2  c $ p L2  c $`   2  # CJ`ENG_HZJ Q8c `TJ`SJ``TJ`SJ` SJ`  P@ H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  % pK(    TTgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  Ngֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Ngֳgֳ @  HP 3- & 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   Ngֳgֳ 0 6Ca 2KL2  c $ p L2  c $ p H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +J   % E =  (    THgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N$gֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Ndgֳgֳ m  GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N gֳgֳ 0 6Ca 2KL2  c $ p L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   N gֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $ 2  C BȄCʗENG6HKI`TJjCQ8c  ʗȄ! ʗȄ!`TjCȄ!`TjCA P 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +.   % ) ! (    Thgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  Ngֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Ngֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N$#gֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   N'gֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   %    (    T1gֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N 6gֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   N :gֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N|?gֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   N@Dgֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  NHgֳgֳ0 6Ca 2KL2  c $P L2  c $ H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   %    (    TQgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N4Vgֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   N4Zgֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N_gֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   NTdgֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  Nhgֳgֳ0 6Ca 2KL2  c $P L2  c $ v2  NG8cP@ v2  NG8c  H  0޽h ?/  ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   %   ? (    Trgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  Nvgֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Nzgֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   NDgֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   Ngֳgֳ P  GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  N gֳgֳ0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $  L2  c $ P H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +,  % '(    Tēgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N$gֳgֳz  c= Ca3P2@ 2K KK K  NDgֳgֳ   @ Formula Unit 2 "  T1@ `  {Calcium Phosphide2    H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   P:(  r  S   `     S 0   "`PpH  0޽h ? 'Da___PPT10i.p/+D=' = @B +   `:(  r  S F `     S "   "`PpH  0޽h ? 'Da___PPT10i.8+D=' = @B +a   % PHp(     fH2gֳgֳ ? M      f(3gֳgֳ ? 4<$0  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e.+[W_D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&[%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+ +'   % "(     fQgֳgֳ ? `     PA ??) 8 $0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   % PH(     f\gֳgֳ ? `      f]gֳgֳ ? M S<$0  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+} <DU' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4^%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*^{%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*{%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+B +T0  <(  < <  T1 ?     <  fgֳgֳ ? @   " H < 0޽h ? a(N0 `(  ` `  N1 ?     `  fܔgֳgֳ ? @   " H ` 0޽h ? a(N0 l(  l l  N1 ?     l  fgֳgֳ ? @   " H l 0޽h ? a(_DxYolEsזc[RO@($"JŊK{E^SRXz݂`i&@ 0i ~1KlHDBH 1%i |w;w݅^}w;;3{ffon%He`Db򈬢H$͎c%PDRO@uNDPQsP'I.Q PBu>:u*4gP@-DZ,KqN?mQx PPwƂUot_V,UK)!D올ŔC6YFh4k9k-q^x`9Y>y&% Yl!4>.O4֯XXTnvRg! ozX[Z[VwvNPnN󷸂Bp3]ծmkp7nXPlkik_ݳ]t[3""߼p*͓~QUxm6s:<{ʅZmΚ<*|wx;ހUU>A^@@YG{擯+ kb^ = FZLƔߊ)>LI%$ֻ(JHN 'e CQfjU*1/XV%PƚEXXjr7(A䎦WMQ}K6Ñ9׷~p^Uwkw;/V];ZDDA+voEEhjXz$@v"a_K\ç26}8cc8o0MUn᫼7R]SOYW3t@EՒy5׈h MSJsTXa"b4>w 6by9(o*X:ewz_> u.nan8$b;ûR^??,夼} zi.ζs` !7AoTBFإB]-b.vbvahX DMb3xFrT|#R=2JtNF#(t<;ͣ/"σ pPƅx Q+t~$i V򶷶 Ir7b~y M\޻+3i~J睍C6v\xw~naz2ZmH@@Bdbz#"Tt`UW9Y,1R[*&C1A5fyx[vJKZ$4Ч9ZoޢnͿʹ^*\r0]0 B<{R}!Β~Nڍd#aLh_ڠ=N6ƕ(B0γ%lJIʸaVy98}Q1rI2R0yk0C2|$0rqV|h#T|D*{WA"3b-WJ{pu0Wm <<;$:1݌A',Xsxژ|`ڈ2N F|k#Yz5}$c1J>e"慴aMϕU"fX210=EͳpƄxI0[ i6OJ̛wc1kG5ed},f3ҟ>L͔'nߛ0/ښ5wdL#3cJ[1 Gil3ݘ  #=f{Ps|Ӳ1v/IS/| \_?C^Ȑ5wdl"{K* GӚ `02z#C'^uOʽ̬1ҴY3@+h綔Ff͓Vn}פ;EJ>&J0rH;E3ˆ95}$wf-Wޣԟ)ZFYhƇ;EwnY|>;Eޣԟ)ZvfaLEFw2daL+2oKS4&ywQG_r EK9PYfv Mpqt'8?EJmRXaLit~n,+4/7O@SV,Z@w%ϪF B]d=(   |CorelDRAW!  CDraw40Cor՜.+,D՜.+,    (On-screen Shown-s ''A -Times New RomanArialMonotype Sorts Wingdings blueboxs CorelDRAW!0MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds(Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding(Electron Configuration in Ionic BondingValence ElectronsKeeping Track of ElectronsElectron Dot diagramsSlide 7$Electron Configurations for CationsElectron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For CationsElectron Dots For Cations#Electron Configurations for AnionsElectron Dots For AnionsStable Electron ConfigurationsIonic Bonding Ionic BondsProperties of ionic compoundsIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic BondingIonic Bonding Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31Classwork problems (a)Homework problemsProperties of Ionic CompoundsCrystalline structureConducting electricityIonic solids are brittleIonic solids are brittle Solubility  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles'  |CorelDRAW!  CDraw40CorelDRAW!$Solution animationF../myp9c_swf/solution_formation.swf/ 00DTimes New Roman0z[ 0hDArialNew Roman0z[ 0 DMonotype Sorts0z[ 00DWingdingsorts0z[ 0h A .  @n?" dd@  @@``_* Whoosh.WAV 1RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~- XPhP  7   !"#?@A BC D E F$G(H)I J 9KL9M#9' ;O ; 8899;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM'O   %&PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqs9tu9vw/X2$*VakC̷X1gr$+.ig TAA1@?g4BdBd z[ 0ppp@  <4!d!dL< 0R ʚ;k8ʚ;<4ddddL|- 080___PPT10 pp___PPT9/ 0{A0}\@C:\DATA\PRESENT\temp\chapt13.htm| %A0*6(4(5,? %O =9(/MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic CompoundsInternational College SpainO('Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"OBJECTIVES: Use the periodic table to infer the number of valence electrons in an atom, and draw it s electron dot structure.F r $.$$3$P)'Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"yOBJECTIVES: Describe the formation of cations (positive ions) from metals, and of anions (negative ions) from non-metals.b n $$$$$$Valence ElectronsThe electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The electrons in the outer energy level or shell the highest occupied energy level Inner electrons -those in the energy levels below. "4P$$$$4$"$$#elDRAW!/ 00DTimes New Roman0z[ 0hDArialNew Roman0z[ 0 DMonotype Sorts0z[ 00DWingdingsorts0z[ 0h A .  @n?" dd@  @@``_* Whoosh.WAV 1RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~- ( 81K  7   !"#?@A BC D E F$G(H)I J 9KL9M#9' ;O ; 8899;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM'O   %&PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopq/X2$*VakC̷X1gr$+.ig TAA1@g4IdId z[ 0Pppp  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~@  <4!d!dL< 0R ʚ;k8ʚ;<4ddddL|- 080___PPT10 pp___PPT9/ 0{A0}\@C:\DATA\PRESENT\temp\chapt13.htm| %A0*6(4(5,? %O =%/MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic CompoundsInternational College SpainO('Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"PowerPoint Document(% DocumentSummaryInformation8Root EntrydO)/8<PicturesICurrent User,SummaryInformation(     *s !"#$%&'()/+,-./0167=8>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}  !"_ useruserOh+'0\ hp  $ 0 < HTChapter 15 - Ionic BondingDr. Stephen L. Cottondi*c:\powerpnt\template\sldshow\blueboxs.pptt userwer39rMicrosoft PowerPointsld@-D@T'@E@82OBJECTIVES: Use the periodic table to infer the number of valence electrons in an atom, and draw it s electron dot structure.F r $.$$3$P)'Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"yOBJECTIVES: Describe the formation of cations (positive ions) from metals, and of anions (negative ions) from non-metals.b n $$$$$$Valence ElectronsThe electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The electrons in the outer energy level or shell the highest occupied energy level Inner electrons -those in the energy levels below. "4P$$$$4$"$$#$Keeping Track of ElectronsAtoms in the same column... Have the same outer electron configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found: same as the main group number on the periodic table. Group 2A: Be, Mg, Ca, etc. 2 valence electrons^M`"M"`"" Electron Dot diagrams2A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol. Put one dot for each valence electron Don t pair up until they have to.    #Electron Configurations for CationsMetals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 2,8,1 1 valence electron Na+ 2,8 noble gas configurationx"""" """ ""  Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less);:$ Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons These will come offElectron Dots For CationsPMetals will have few valence electrons These will come off Forming positive ions"Electron Configurations for AnionsNonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) Halide ions- ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons S (2,8,6) - 6 valence electrons S2- (2,8,8) - a noble gas configuration."E" ">" """ """ "",Electron Dots For AnionslNonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.Stable Electron ConfigurationsAll atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. Also called the octet rule.$x Q* Ionic BondingBetween metals and non-metals Transfer of electrons Full outer shells Oppositely charged ions created Ions held by electrostatic attraction Giant structure formedv$f                R+ Ionic BondsCharacteristics of ionic compounds Usually soluble in water electrical conductors when molten and when in aqueous solution. High m.p. Brittle, hard crystals #z$l|       ]6Properties of ionic compounds  You are provided with three ionic compounds For each carry out the following tests Heat a sample strongly in a test tube. Add a spatula of the compound to 25 cm3 of water in a small beaker- stir Test the conductivity of the solution Repeat using two spatulasXSlSMH   Ionic BondingAnions and cations are held together by opposite charges. Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.nZU$$$$$$$$$ Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding'All the electrons must be accounted for Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding   ! "[4Classwork problems (a).    Show the bonding between the following Magnesium and Oxygen Potassium and Chlorine Calcium and Fluorine Lithium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Fluorine D'ml'm                                           \5Homework problems0   These are slightly harder Magnesium and Phosphorus Beryllium and Nitrogen Calcium and Sulphur Magnesium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Oxygen Bplp                                      !Properties of Ionic Compounds*Crystalline structure, usually solids A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid Ions are strongly bonded together. Structure is rigid. High melting points Electrical conductors when melted Electrical conductors in solutionP $Y$$&$$D$                 "Crystalline structure #Do they Conduct? Conducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. NaCl: must get to about 800 C. Dissolved in water they conduct (aqueous)V *< /+4 7 ^ _`abcdefghijklmnop q!r"s#t$u%v&w'x(y)z*{+|,}-~.P   K0 (  r  S (    l  C  E  H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  K0 *(  x  c $`D    r  S < E  H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   K0 % PH (     fFgֳgֳ ? `      fgֳgֳ ? <$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+,KD* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+G +  K0 % PH0 (      f@wGgֳgֳ ? `  G    fHxGgֳgֳ ? <$ 0 G H  0޽h ? ̙334 , ___PPT10 .+FD ' = @B Dg ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* H%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Hi%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* i%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+ G +*  K0 % @ (;(   ( (  fYgֳgֳ ? `    (  fZgֳgֳ ? 0<$ 0   ( Ngֳgֳ`P:  5X 2L2 ( c $1<L2 ( c $1L2 ( c $1dlL2 ( c $1d d L2  ( c $1 ~ L2  ( c $1 C L2  ( c $1lL2  ( c $1d  H ( 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(-%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(-@%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(@R%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(Rx%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(x%(+8+0+( +! K0 % @ 0=(   0 0 TXjgֳgֳ ]%The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen&&,> 0 Hl5gֳgֳp ,$ 0 <Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. First we write the symbol.$= lK=  0 Nogֳgֳ` ,$D 0 5N 2  0 Nsgֳgֳ*  ,$D 0 n.Then add 1 electron at a time to each side.$/ lK/ 2 0 c $1|,$D 02 0 c $1tT,$D 02 0 c $14 < ,$D 02  0 c $1T \ ,$D 0  0 Tygֳgֳ b* ,$D 0 _!Until they are forced to pair up.""lK" 2  0 c $1,,$D  0H  0 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+wD' = @B DZ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0"%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0"=%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+ 0 +  K0 % PHP<(  < <  fȊgֳgֳ ?     <  fċgֳgֳ ? _<$ 0  H < 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<9%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<9[%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<[%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(+8+0+< +  K0 % `D(  D D  fԝgֳgֳ ? `    D  fgֳgֳ ?    D N<gֳgֳ@0  6Ca 2L2 D c $1$L2 D c $1$ d H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q  K0 % ldp L(   L L  f$gֳgֳ ? `    L  fgֳgֳ ?    L N@gֳgֳ@0  6Ca 2L2 L c $1$L2 L c $1$ d 2 L  E$GH8 I`TQ8c `T7T`T7T`T`T`T7T`T`TA2 L  E$GH8 I`TQ8c `T7T`T7T`T`T`T7T`T`T Q H  L 0޽h ?/ LL ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +J  K0 % T(  T T  fgֳgֳ ? `    T  flgֳgֳ ?    T Ngֳgֳ@P FCa2+& 2  T T1\ * J,$D 0 Knoble gas configuration 2$H T 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+EgDO' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(+8+0+T +   K0 % PH\(  \ \  fgֳgֳ ?     \  ftgֳgֳ ? <$ 0  H \ 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\<]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(+8+0+\ +  K0 % t l d (  d d  f gֳgֳ ? `    d  fgֳgֳ ? ?<$ 0   d NgֳgֳpJ 5P 2L2 d c $1$ l L2 d c $1D L2 d c $1T < L2 d c $1 , L2  d c $1 L l 4!   d!4 ,$D 02  d  E$GH I`TQ8c `TFT`TFT`T`T`TFT`T`T! T2  d c $14Dl   @ d  @,$D 02  d # ENGZHI`TJQ8c `T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`TA0  @T2 d c $1 l, l 4T a  dT 4a ,$D 02 d # ENGZHI`TJQ8c `T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T a T2 d c $14T   d Ngֳgֳ pz,$D 0 EP3-& 2 H d 0޽h ??0 d dd ̙33___PPT10.+wMjDA' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d?%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d?m%(D' =%(D' =%(Dh' =4@BBBB%(E' =4 B`BPB`B?<*%( /%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* d%(D' =%(D' =%(Dh' =4@BBBB%(E' =4 B`BPB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =%(D' =%(Dh' =4@BBBB%(E' =4 B`BPB`B?<*%(/%,( < +D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(+p+0+d" ++0+d" +  K0 %  lV(   l l  f\"gֳgֳ ? `  "  l  f]"gֳgֳ ? % <$ 0 "  l ND_"gֳgֳ@ 0 : PAr 2dL2 l c $1A T L2 l c $1A M L2 l c $1  L2 l c $1r  L2  l c $1  L2  l c $1  L2  l c $1T)L2  l c $1D)H l 0޽h ? ̙33ia___PPT10A.+[W_D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l4h%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*lh%(+8+0+l" +  K0 ( O* r  S s" `  " l  C t"  " H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  K0 *(  x  c $" `  " r  S l"  " H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +R  K0  :(   r   S  " `  "    S l"  " "`PpH   0޽h ? 'Da80___PPT10.tl  K0 % B:|(  | |  fȼ"gֳgֳ ? `  "  | N"gֳgֳ   6Na 2K | N"gֳgֳp  6Cl 2KL2 | c $`0 L2 | c $`P L2 | c $ 0 L2 | c $ P 8 @    |@ T2  | c $@  T2  | c $@  L2  | c $p@42  | # B@ENG H1aIZCQ8c !@nK!@nKZC`T!@nKZC`TALx,$D 02 | c $P@,$D 0L2 | c $;2 | 0 t3,$D 0H | 0޽h ? | ̙33___PPT10~+MODb' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* |%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(+  K0 %  (     f"gֳgֳ ? `  "   N\"gֳgֳ  ENa+& 2K K  N "gֳgֳ  ECl-& 2K K<L2  c $`0 L2  c $`P L2  c $ 0 L2  c $ P 8 @    @ T2   c $@  T2   c $@  L2  c $p@L2  c $P@H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$   K0 %    (      f"gֳgֳ ? `      fT"gֳgֳ ? <$ 0 "   N"gֳgֳ  6Ca 2KL2  c $PPL2  c $   NP"gֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e.+ D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DG' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =+v4 ,0B*O3> B<*(+8+0+" +    K0 % 0 (     fggֳgֳ ? `     Nhgֳgֳ  6Ca 2KL2  c $PPL2  c $   Nmgֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P 2  # BE$GHdI`TQ8c `TO`TO`T`T`TO`T`T} 2  3 BCUE$GHI`TQ8c `TU`TU`T`T`TU`T`T!{YH  0޽h ?/    ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +: ! K0 % 5-@ (      f zgֳgֳ ? `     N{gֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   NPgֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +" K0 % `@(    Tgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  Ngֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Ngֳgֳ   5P 2KL2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   Ngֳgֳ 0 6Ca 2KL2  c $ p L2  c $`   2  # CJ`ENG_HZJ Q8c `TJ`SJ``TJ`SJ` SJ`  P@ H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +# K0 % pK(    Tgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N$gֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   N8gֳgֳ @  HP 3- & 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   NLgֳgֳ 0 6Ca 2KL2  c $ p L2  c $ p H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +J $ K0 % E =  (    T$gֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N0gֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   Ngֳgֳ m  GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   NXgֳgֳ 0 6Ca 2KL2  c $ p L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   N(gֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $ 2  C BȄCʗENG6HKI`TJjCQ8c  ʗȄ! ʗȄ!`TjCȄ!`TjCA P 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +. % K0 % ) ! (    Tgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  NDgֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   NXgֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   Nlgֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   Ngֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + & K0 %    (    T\Ogֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N, Ogֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   NhOgֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   NLOgֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   NOgֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  NOgֳgֳ0 6Ca 2KL2  c $P L2  c $ H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + ' K0 %    (    T)Ogֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  NL-Ogֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   N$3Ogֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N9Ogֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   Nl>Ogֳgֳ @  5P 2KL2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  NdCOgֳgֳ0 6Ca 2KL2  c $P L2  c $ v2  NG8cP@ v2  NG8c  H  0޽h ?/  ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + ( K0 %   ? (    TlOOgֳgֳ` E Ionic Bonding,  N(TOgֳgֳ  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $pL2  c $pP   NYOgֳgֳ   GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $`L2  c $pPL2  c $` P L2  c $ ` L2  c $` P   N_Ogֳgֳ 0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $ L2  c $ p L2  c $ P   NdOgֳgֳ P  GP 3-& 2K K<L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  L2  c $  NiOgֳgֳ0  FCa2+& 2K KL2  c $  L2  c $ P H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +*) K0 % %(    T+B#style.visibility<*&%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&[%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+O +' - K0 % "(     fTOgֳgֳ ? `  O         !"#$%&'()*+,-.0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrtuvwxyz{}~ PA ??) 8 $ 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + . K0 % PH(     f Mgֳgֳ ? `      fɩgֳgֳ ? M S<$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+} <DU' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4^%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*^{%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*{%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+ +( 0  (  X  C       S <  @   " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.K-@B) 0  (  X  C       S $ @   " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.K-@B 0   (  X  C     G  S  G @  G " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.K-@B 0 0 (  X  C       S (W @   " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.K-@B 0 @  (   X   C        S @/,9I\ p~Ҏg2  9@ '/3e=HUyalzO@')L[@f^ibzŸڡ ":Rjʶ*BZr2Jb? z~NA( $Keeping Track of ElectronsAtoms in the same column... Have the same outer electron configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found: same as the main group number on the periodic table. Group 2A: Be, Mg, Ca, etc. 2 valence electrons^M`"M"`"" Electron Dot diagrams2A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol. Put one dot for each valence electron Don t pair up until they have to.    #Electron Configurations for CationsMetals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 2,8,1 1 valence electron Na+ 2,8 noble gas configurationx"""" """ ""  Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less);:$ Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons These will come offElectron Dots For CationsPMetals will have few valence electrons These will come off Forming positive ions"Electron Configurations for AnionsNonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) Halide ions- ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons S (2,8,6) - 6 valence electrons S2- (2,8,8) - a noble gas configuration."E" ">" """ """ ""Electron Dots For AnionslNonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.Stable Electron ConfigurationsAll atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. Also called the octet rule.$x Q* Ionic BondingBetween metals and non-metals Transfer of electrons Full outer shells Oppositely charged ions created Ions held by electrostatic attraction Giant structure formedv$f                R+ Ionic BondsCharacteristics of ionic compounds Usually soluble in water electrical conductors when molten and when in aqueous solution. High m.p. Brittle, hard crystals #z$l|       ]6Properties of ionic compounds  You are provided with three ionic compounds For each carry out the following tests Heat a sample strongly in a test tube. Add a spatula of the compound to 25 cm3 of water in a small beaker- stir Test the conductivity of the solution Repeat using two spatulasXSlSMH   Ionic BondingAnions and cations are held together by opposite charges. Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.nZU$$$$$$$$$ Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding'All the electrons must be accounted for Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding   ! "[4Classwork problems (a).    Show the bonding between the following Magnesium and Oxygen Potassium and Chlorine Calcium and Fluorine Lithium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Fluorine D'ml'm                                           \5Homework problems0   These are slightly harder Magnesium and Phosphorus Beryllium and Nitrogen Calcium and Sulphur Magnesium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Oxygen Bplp                                      !Properties of Ionic Compounds*Crystalline structure, usually solids A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid Ions are strongly bonded together. Structure is rigid. High melting points Electrical conductors when melted Electrical conductors in solutionP $Y$$&$$D$                 "Crystalline structure #Conducting electricitySConducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions have charges but are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the charged ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. NaCl: must get to about 800 C. Dissolved in water (aqueous) the ions are now free to move and they conduct electricity.b YD G9Ionic solids are brittle 8Ionic solids are brittle&Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.: Solubility  Ionic solids are often (but not always) soluble in water The solubility usually (but not always) increases with increasing temperature Solution animation$    U 0/(+4 7 ^ _`abcdefghijklmnop q!r"s#t$u%v&w'x(y)z*{+|,}-~./0P . K0 % PH(     f Mgֳgֳ ? `      fɩgֳgֳ ? M Sz<$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+} <DU' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4o%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*o%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(+8+0+ +-  0 K0 % ( P88(    # l\3 gֳgֳ ? `   ^^ l   S @ A BrC l  f l   S @ ABC l  f l   S @ AB C l  N l    l  2  T(Ld @l /   N: gֳgֳ   5+ 2(N        2   TLd @ i e    N@gֳgֳ   9- 2(f     S @Y ABC   N  G     G 2  T(Ld @ /G   Ngֳgֳ )  5+ 2(N Y    Y  2  TLd @Y iUe   Ngֳgֳm   9- 2(VN  G r    G r N  P    P 2  T(Ld @ m  B N\gֳgֳ P  5+ 2(2  TLd @  B N#gֳgֳ G   9- 2(N  P r    P r 2  T(Ld @ m r  B ND,gֳgֳ3 P L  5+ 2(2  TLd @   B NH5gֳgֳ$ P F  9- 2(f l S  S @ A BCS l S f l  S  S @ A B CS l  S N l S    l S 2 ! T(Ld @l   " N]gֳgֳ S  5+ 2(N   S  #   S 2 $ TLd @  % Ngֳgֳ  S  9- 2(f  S  &S @Y A BCS  S N  G S  '  G S 2 ( T(Ld @ G   ) NXIgֳgֳ ) S  5+ 2(N Y S  * Y S 2 + TLd @Y U  , NSgֳgֳm S  9- 2(VN  r  -  r N   .  2 / T(Ld @ [  0B NIgֳgֳ  5+ 2(2 1 TLd @ 8 4  2B NiIgֳgֳ  9- 2(N  r  3  r 2 4 T(Ld @ r[  5B NP,Igֳgֳ3 L  5+ 2(2 6 TLd @ 8  4  7B NFIgֳgֳ$ F  9- 2(R 8 s *G/* H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ / K0 % 088N(    # l@sgֳgֳ ? `   >^ r |t  S @ AB|Cr |t f r d t  S @ AdB C r d t N r  t   r  t 2  ZZ(Ld @r  7   TZygֳgֳ  t  5+ 2(N  d     d  2   ZZLd @     TZwpgֳgֳ d   9- 2(f  |  S @EAB|C |N  :    :2   ZZ(Ld @ @:  TZpgֳgֳ   5+ 2(N E|  E|2  ZZLd @E+A'  TZppgֳgֳZ| 9- 2(NF  G r   G r N  P    P 2  T(Ld @ m  B Npgֳgֳ P  5+ 2(2  TLd @  B NXgֳgֳ G   9- 2(N  P r    P r 2  T(Ld @ m r  B N4gֳgֳ3 P L  5+ 2(2  TLd @   B Ngֳgֳ$ P F  9- 2(^ l S  S @ A BCS  l S f l  S  S @ A B CS l  S N l S   l S 2   T(Ld @l   ! Nlgֳgֳ S  5+ 2(N   S  "   S 2 # TLd @  $ NLgֳgֳ  S  9- 2(f  S  %S @Y A BCS  S N  G S  &  G S 2 ' T(Ld @ G   ( Nȱgֳgֳ ) S  5+ 2(N Y S  ) Y S 2 * TLd @Y U  + Ngֳgֳm S  9- 2(NF  r  ,  r N   -  2 . T(Ld @ [  /B Ngֳgֳ  5+ 2(2 0 TLd @ 8 4  1B Ngֳgֳ  9- 2(N  r  2  r 2 3 T(Ld @ r[  4B Ngֳgֳ3 L  5+ 2(2 5 TLd @ 8  4  6B NTgֳgֳ$ F  9- 2(R 7 s *G/*  8 # l4gֳgֳ ? <$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e.+RoD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DG' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8'%(D' =+v4 ,0B*O3> B<*8'+8+0+8 +<  K0 p$(  r  S l `   r  S g   H  0޽h ? 'Da80___PPT10.L-.8 0 @,(  ^  S       c $  @   " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.K-0?9 0 `,(  ^  S     p  c $p @  p " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.K-0?r(#$P2Sw-zQ|? u~A(   |CorelDRAW!  CDraw40CorelDRAW!$Solution animationF../myp9c_swf/sol 8@ _PID_HLINKSA$../myp9c_swf/solution_formation.swfution_formation.swf/ 00DTimes New Roman0z[ 0hDArialNew Roman0z[ 0 DMonotype Sorts0z[ 00DWingdingsorts0z[ 0h A .  @n?" dd@  @@``_* Whoosh.WAV 1RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~- `XpQ  7   !"#?@A BC D E F$G(H)I J 9KL9M#9' ;O ; 8899;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM'O   %&PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqs9tu9vwx/X2$*VakC̷X1gr$+.ig TAA1@?g4EdEd z[ 0ppp@  <4!d!dL< 0R ʚ;k8ʚ;<4ddddL|- 080___PPT10 pp___PPT9/ 0{A0}\@C:\DATA\PRESENT\temp\chapt13.htm| %A0*6(4(5,? %O =(/MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic CompoundsInternational College SpainO('Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"OBJECTIVES: Use the periodic table to infer the number of valence electrons in an atom, and draw it s electron dot structure.F r $.$$3$P)'Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"yOBJECTIVES: Describe the formation of cations (positive ions) from metals, and of anions (negative ions) from non-metals.b n $$$$$$Valence ElectronsThe electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The electrons in the outer energy level or shell the highest occupied energy level Inner electrons -those in the energy levels below. "4P$$$$4$"$$#$Keeping Track of ElectronsAtoms in the same column... Have the same outer electron configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found: same as the main group number on the periodic table. Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. 2 valence electrons^Mb"M"b"", Electron Dot diagrams2A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol. Put one dot for each valence electron Don t pair up until they have to.    #Electron Configurations for CationsMetals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration (full outer shell). They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 2,8,1 1 valence electron Na+ 2,8 noble gas configurationx"""" """ ""  Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less);:$ Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons These will come offElectron Dots For CationsPMetals will have few valence electrons These will come off Forming positive ions"Electron Configurations for AnionsNonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) Halide ions- ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons S (2,8,6) - 6 valence electrons S2- (2,8,8) - a noble gas configuration."E" ">" """ """ ""Electron Dots For AnionslNonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.Stable Electron ConfigurationsAll atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. This is also called the octet rule.$ Q* Ionic BondingBetween metals and non-metals Transfer of electrons Full outer shells Oppositely charged ions created Ions held by electrostatic attraction Giant structure formedv$f                R+ Ionic BondsCharacteristics of ionic compounds Usually soluble in water Electrical conductors when molten and when in aqueous solution. High m.p. Brittle, hard crystals #z$l|       ]6Properties of ionic compounds  You are provided with three ionic compounds For each carry out the following tests Heat a sample strongly in a test tube. Add a spatula of the compound to 25 cm3 of water in a small beaker- stir Test the conductivity of the solution Repeat using two spatulasXSlSMH   Ionic BondingAnions and cations are held together by opposite charges. Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.nZU$$$$$$$$$ Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding'All the electrons must be accounted for Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding   ! "[4Classwork problems (a).    Show the bonding between the following Magnesium and Oxygen Potassium and Chlorine Calcium and Fluorine Lithium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Fluorine D'ml'm                                           \5Homework problems0   These are slightly harder Magnesium and Phosphorus Beryllium and Nitrogen Calcium and Sulphur Magnesium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Oxygen Bplp                                      !Properties of Ionic Compounds*Crystalline structure, usually solids A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid Ions are strongly bonded together. Structure is rigid. High melting points Electrical conductors when melted Electrical conductors in solutionP $Y$$&$$D$                 "Crystalline structure #Conducting electricitySConducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions have charges but are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the charged ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. NaCl: must get to about 800 C. Dissolved in water (aqueous) the ions are now free to move and they conduct electricity.b YD G9Ionic solids are brittle 8Ionic solids are brittle&Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.: Solubility  Ionic solids are often (but not always) soluble in water The solubility usually (but not always) increases with increasing temperature Solution animation$    U 0/D+4 7 ^ _`abcdefghijklmnop q!r"s#t$u%v&w'x(y)z*{+|,}-~./01P  K0 % PH0 (      f ̛gֳgֳ ? `      f͛gֳgֳ ? <$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙334 , ___PPT10 .+FD ' = @B Dg ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* H%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Hi%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* i%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+  +  K0 % PHP<(  < <  f,>gֳgֳ ?   >  <  f,>gֳgֳ ? _<$ 0 > H < 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+} <Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<L%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<Ln%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<n%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(+8+0+<> +  K0 %  lV(   l l  fX>gֳgֳ ? `  >  l  fT>gֳgֳ ? % <$ 0 >  l N>gֳgֳ@ 0 : PAr 2dL2 l c $1A T L2 l c $1A M L2 l c $1  L2 l c $1r  L2  l c $1  L2  l c $1  L2  l c $1T)L2  l c $1D)H l 0޽h ? ̙33ia___PPT10A.+[W_D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l4h%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*lh%(+8+0+l> +  K0 *(  x  c $> `  > r  S >  > H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +< 1 K0 p$(  r  S  `   r  S x   H  0޽h ? 'Da80___PPT10.L-.: 0  (  X  C       S Ћ @   " H  0޽h ? a(80___PPT10.y8PV3er8~ {R6 :? ~%B(   |CorelDRAW!  CDraw40CorelDRAW!$Solution animationF../myp9c_swf/solution_formation.swf/ 00DTimes New Roman0z[ 0DArialNew Roman0z[ 0" DMonotype Sorts0z[ 00DWingdingsorts0z[ 0 A .  @n?" dd@  @@``_* Whoosh.WAV 1RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~- phR  7   !"#?@A BC D E F$G(H)I J 9KL9M#9' ;O ; 8899;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM'O   %&PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqs9tu9vwxz/X2$*VakC̷X1gr$+.ig TAA1@g4BdBd z[ 0dppp@  <4!d!dL< 0MW ʚ;9yc8ʚ;<4ddddL|- 08<4BdBdL|- 08(g46d6d z[ 0p@ pp0___PPT10 pp___PPT9/ 0{A0}\@C:\DATA\PRESENT\temp\chapt13.htm| %A0*6(4(5,? %O =(/MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic CompoundsInternational College SpainO('Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"OBJECTIVES: Use the periodic table to infer the number of valence electrons in an atom, and draw it s electron dot structure.F r $.$$3$P)'Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"yOBJECTIVES: Describe the formation of cations (positive ions) from metals, and of anions (negative ions) from non-metals.b n $$$$$$Valence ElectronsThe electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The electrons in the outer energy level or shell the highest occupied energy level Inner electrons -those in the energy levels below. "4P$$$$4$"$$#$Keeping Track of ElectronsAtoms in the same column... Have the same outer electron configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found: same as the main group number on the periodic table. Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. 2 valence electrons^Mb"M"b"", Electron Dot diagrams2A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol. Put one dot for each valence electron Don t pair up until they have to.    #Electron Configurations for CationsMetals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration (full outer shell). They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 2,8,1 1 valence electron Na+ 2,8 noble gas configurationx"""" """ ""  Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less);:$ Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons These will come offElectron Dots For CationsPMetals will have few valence electrons These will come off Forming positive ions"Electron Configurations for AnionsNonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) Halide ions- ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons S (2,8,6) - 6 valence electrons S2- (2,8,8) - a noble gas configuration."E" ">" """ """ ""Electron Dots For AnionslNonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.Stable Electron ConfigurationsAll atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. This is also called the octet rule.$ Q* Ionic BondingBetween metals and non-metals Transfer of electrons Full outer shells Oppositely charged ions created Ions held by electrostatic attraction Giant structure formedv$f                R+ Ionic BondsCharacteristics of ionic compounds Usually soluble in water Electrical conductors when molten and when in aqueous solution. High m.p. Brittle, hard crystals #z$l|       ]6Properties of ionic compounds  You are provided with three ionic compounds For each carry out the following tests Heat a sample strongly in a test tube. Add a spatula of the compound to 25 cm3 of water in a small beaker- stir Test the conductivity of the solution Repeat using two spatulasXSlSMH   Ionic BondingAnions and cations are held together by opposite charges. Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.nZU$$$$$$$$$ Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding'All the electrons must be accounted for Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding   ! "[4Classwork problems (a).    Show the bonding between the following Magnesium and Oxygen Potassium and Chlorine Calcium and Fluorine Lithium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Fluorine D'ml'm                                           \5Homework problems0   These are slightly harder Magnesium and Phosphorus Beryllium and Nitrogen Calcium and Sulphur Magnesium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Oxygen Bplp                                      !Properties of Ionic Compounds*Crystalline structure, usually solids A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid Ions are strongly bonded together. Structure is rigid. High melting points Electrical conductors when melted Electrical conductors in solutionP $Y$$&$$D$                 "Crystalline structure #Conducting electricitySConducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions have charges but are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the charged ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. NaCl: must get to about 800 C. Dissolved in water (aqueous) the ions are now free to move and they conduct electricity.b YD G9Ionic solids are brittle 8Ionic solids are brittle&Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.: Solubility  Ionic solids are often (but not always) soluble in water The solubility usually (but not always) increases with increasing temperature Solution animation$    U 0/D+4 7 ^ _`abcdefghijklmnop q!r"s#t$u%v&w'x(y)z*{+|,}-~./01P   K0 % PH\(  \ \  fH{>gֳgֳ ?   >  \  fD|>gֳgֳ ? e<$ 0 > H \ 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+[W_Ds ' = @B D. ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\<]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\]%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(+8+0+\> +r9? eHmwC(   |CorelDRAW!  CDraw40CorelDRAW!$Solution animationF../myp9c_swf/solution_formation.swf/ 00DTimes New Roman0z[ 0DArialNew Roman0z[ 0" DMonotype Sorts0z[ 00DWingdingsorts0z[ 0 A .  @n?" dd@  @@``_* Whoosh.WAV 1RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~- phR  7   !"#?@A BC D E F$G(H)I J 9KL9M#9' ;O ; 8899;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM'O   %&PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqs9tu9vwxz/X2$*VakC̷X1gr$+.ig TAA1@g4BdBd z[ 0dppp@  <4!d!dL< 0MW ʚ;9yc8ʚ;<4ddddL|- 08<4BdBdL|- 08(g46d6d z[ 0p@ pp0___PPT10 pp___PPT9/ 0{A0}\@C:\DATA\PRESENT\temp\chapt13.htm| %A0*6(4(5,? %O ={)/MYP Chemistry Ionic Bonding and Ionic CompoundsInternational College SpainO('Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"OBJECTIVES: Use the periodic table to infer the number of valence electrons in an atom, and draw it s electron dot structure.F r $.$$3$P)'Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding('"yOBJECTIVES: Describe the formation of cations (positive ions) from metals, and of anions (negative ions) from non-metals.b n $$$$$$Valence ElectronsThe electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The electrons in the outer energy level or shell the highest occupied energy level Inner electrons -those in the energy levels below. "4P$$$$4$"$$#$Keeping Track of ElectronsAtoms in the same column... Have the same outer electron configuration. Have the same valence electrons. Easily found: same as the main group number on the periodic table. Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. 2 valence electrons^Mb"M"b"", Electron Dot diagrams2A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol. Put one dot for each valence electron Don t pair up until they have to.    #Electron Configurations for CationsMetals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration (full outer shell). They make positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 2,8,1 1 valence electron Na+ 2,8 noble gas configurationx"""" """ ""  Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less);:$ Electron Dots For Cations:Metals will have few valence electrons These will come offElectron Dots For CationsPMetals will have few valence electrons These will come off Forming positive ions"Electron Configurations for AnionsNonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. They make negative ions (anions) Halide ions- ions from chlorine or other halogens that gain electrons S (2,8,6) - 6 valence electrons S2- (2,8,8) - a noble gas configuration."E" ">" """ """ ""Electron Dots For AnionslNonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.Stable Electron ConfigurationsAll atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. This is also called the octet rule.$ Q* Ionic BondingBetween metals and non-metals Transfer of electrons Full outer shells Oppositely charged ions created Ions held to one another by electrostatic attraction Giant structure formedv$f                      R+ Ionic BondsCharacteristics of ionic compounds Usually soluble in water Electrical conductors when molten and when in aqueous solution. High m.p. Brittle, hard crystals #z$l|       ]6Properties of ionic compounds  You are provided with three ionic compounds For each carry out the following tests Heat a sample strongly in a test tube. Add a spatula of the compound to 25 cm3 of water in a small beaker- stir Test the conductivity of the solution Repeat using two spatulasXSlSMH   Ionic BondingAnions and cations are held together by opposite charges. Ionic compounds are called salts. Simplest ratio is called the formula unit. The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons. Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration.nZU$$$$$$$$$ Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding'All the electrons must be accounted for Ionic Bonding  Ionic Bonding   ! "[4Classwork problems (a).    Show the bonding between the following Magnesium and Oxygen Potassium and Chlorine Calcium and Fluorine Lithium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Fluorine D'ml'm                                           \5Homework problems0   These are slightly harder Magnesium and Phosphorus Beryllium and Nitrogen Calcium and Sulphur Magnesium and Nitrogen Aluminium and Oxygen Bplp                                      !Properties of Ionic Compounds*Crystalline structure, usually solids A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid Ions are strongly bonded together. Structure is rigid. High melting points Electrical conductors when melted Electrical conductors in solutionP $Y$$&$$D$                 "Crystalline structure #Conducting electricityjConducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions have charges but are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the charged ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct electricity. To melt NaCl, it must get to about 800 C. Dissolved in water (aqueous) the ions are now free to move and they conduct electricity.b+YP+G9Ionic solids are brittle 8Ionic solids are brittleDisplacing the top layer (diagram) puts ions of the same charge near one another creating strong repulsion that breaks the crystal apart.: Solubility  Ionic solids are often (but not always) soluble in water. Solubility usually (but not always) increases with increasing temperature. Solution animation$    U 0/D+4 7 ^ _`abcdefghijklmnop q!r"s#t$u%v&w'x(y)z*{+|,}-~./01P  K0 ( O* r  S > `  > l  C >       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;< > H  0޽h ? 'Day___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +h . K0 % PH(     fȣgֳgֳ ? `      fɣgֳgֳ